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��Collaborative Conversations: Talking about Sustainable Fuels to Students, Investors, and the Public — March 30, 2023 — Washington, DC and ONLINE

��George Washington University Law School��Joanne Ivancic, Executive Director for Advanced Biofuels USA�

Advanced Biofuels USA

www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

+1 301-644-1395

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Advanced Biofuels: A Truly Sustainable Renewable Future

Advocates for the adoption of advanced biofuels as an IMMEDIATE Solution to

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
Provide

Energy security,
Military flexibility,
Economic development
Climate change mitigation
Pollution control.

Advanced Biofuels USA

501(c)3 Nonprofit Educational Organization

Founded April 2008

Frederick, MD

Website:

www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

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Advanced Biofuels USA Home Page www.AdvancedBiofuelsUSA.org

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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What are they?

How are they used?

How are they made?

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Ethanol is a biofuel, �not the only biofuel. ��Biodiesel�Renewable Diesel�Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)�Bio-isobutanol�Renewable Natural Gas�rDME, Bio-CNG, Bio-LNG, Bio-PNG�Drop-in hydrocarbons�Marine/Maritime Fuel and more

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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Corn-based ethanol, sugarcane ethanol�(nearly 200 proof moonshine or 100% ethanol) ��One of the few currently commercially available biofuels you can buy for vehicles today. Blends of 10%, 15%, 30%, 85% ��Replaces MTBE, provides octane.

And, the ethanol molecule is part of many other things too.

Wine
Beer
Whiskey/Whisky

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“First Generation” Biofuel

Many people don’t realize that the ethanol that we talk about with regard to fuel is the same molecule as the ethanol or alcohol in wine, beer, whiskey—and that corn ethanol has long been nick-named moonshine.

Important note: as soon as the ethanol is distilled and ready for transport from a biorefinery, some gasoline is added to “poison” it so that it will not be drinkable, and will not be diverted to beverage purposes.

Photos are an old crusher and presser which might be used for grapes (similar ones for apples and other fruit); and the distillery at Mount Vernon, VA, a re-creation of the distillery operated by George Washington on his plantation.

If you want to add a history lesson, or integrate this with lessons in the history department, you can talk about how corn was converted to liquid (moonshine) to both increase its value and make it easier to move large volumes across the Appalachian mountains in the early days of the United States. The Whiskey Rebellion is also a relevant topic.

You can point out the parallels in the problems that people have today moving large volumes of raw biomass to biorefineries.

Ethanol for use as a transportation fuel must be highly distilled

We are also going to talk about 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th generation fuels.

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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What are they?

How are they used?

How are they made?

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Fueling Cars, Trucks, Equipment

Replace MTBE
Octane
Ultra Low Sulfur
Fuel Cells

Fueling Aircraft

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Today, biofuels are used in your cars and trucks. You can buy biofuels at the “gas” station. Around the Washington DC area, almost all the regular gasoline is E10—or 10% ethanol, a biofuel; so 10% biofuel. More stations are selling E15, sometimes branded “Unleaded 88” to emphasize the octane that is greater than regular gasoline or E10. Some also sell E85.

You can also buy biodiesel blends. Usually 2-5% is biodiesel; but some people use 100% biodiesel, sometimes in farm equipment or in specially adapted cars and trucks.

So, you do use biofuels today—just not so much advanced biofuels.

Toyota Forklift on hydrogen: https://toyota-forklifts.eu/solutions/energy-solutions/what-fuel-cell-technology-means-for-your-forklift/#:~:text=90%25%20of%20Toyota's%20forklift%20range,for%20more%20than%2015%20years.

The forklift is powred by hydrogen fuel cells .

The orange garbage truck is from Wahsington DC Department of Public Works and uses 100% biodiesel using a system developed and installed by Optimus Technologies out of Pittsburgh, PA.

Let’s get into some details about this.

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If you have a flex fuel vehicle (FFV), you can use gasoline with blends up to 85% ethanol.

Look for the logo, check your owner’s manual or look at the info on the driver’s side door.

What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?� Today Flex Fuel Vehicles

If you have a diesel engine, you might see a decal that indicates it was built to use up to 20% biodiesel, B20

Or, you can retrofit older cars to use E85

If you have a flex fuel vehicle, you can use gasoline with up to 85% renewable fuel--ethanol.

In the US, you can use E15 or 15% ethanol fuel in vehicles built since 2001. At this time motorcycles may only use up to 10% ethanol fuel, E10, the most common fuel at gas stations in the US. Thailand plans to make E20 a standard fuel.

Much diesel fuel in the US is 5% renewable biodiesel. Some diesel engine manufacturers build for 20% biodiesel use (B20). Some countries are looking at 30 and 40%.

Background/References:

To find out if you have a flex fuel vehicle or FFV, look for a logo on the car, check the owner’s manual or look at the information on the drivers’ door.

Biofuels for Transport

Luiz Augusto Horta Nogueira, ... Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz, in Future Energy (Third Edition), 2020

9.4.1.2 Flexibility and diversity in bioenergy marketing

In Brazil, ethanol is available in gas stations in two different fuels types: the hydrous ethanol and the anhydrous ethanol. The hydrous ethanol (94% ethanol, 6% water) is used directly in E100 vehicles and also in flex fuel vehicles. The anhydrous ethanol is blended with gasoline to make the E(20–27) fuel domestically known as C gasoline, with the blending content defined by the government depending on the ethanol availability and market conditions. Therefore, when excess ethanol is produced, the government acts by increasing the level of blending. On the other hand, when less ethanol is available, either due to a better sugar price or an unfavorable climatic condition, the government can reduce the blending level. Because nearly half of ethanol produced is hydrous, a seasonal balance can be easily achieved. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/hydrous-ethanol

Future Energy (Third Edition)

Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet

2020, Pages 173-197

Future Energy

Chapter 9 - Biofuels for Transport

Luiz Augusto Horta, Nogueira, Gláucia MendesSouza, Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez, Carlos Henrique deBrito Cruz

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Fueling Trucks with Renewable Natural Gas, Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

Trucks on the roads today can also use renewable natural gas (RNG), as well as biodiesel blends and renewable diesel, also known as HVO or green diesel. It can completely replace petroleum diesel.

�Background/References:

Anheuser-Busch, a wholly owned subsidiary of global brewer AB InBev, will convert 30% of its dedicated fleet to RNG. The vehicles, comprising of two fleets, will travel more than 8.5 million miles each year.

Anheuser-Busch has placed an order from Agility Fuel Solutions to equip new class-8 trucks with Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel systems that can run on RNG.

�https://www.edie.net/news/6/Anheuser-Busch-to-run-180-trucks-on-renewable-natural-gas/

�https://www.wastetodaymagazine.com/article/waste-management-trucks-seattle/

�Waste Management to launch new green fleet of garbage trucks in Seattle

The fleet of 101 vehicles will be powered by either renewable natural gas or by electricity. May 30, 2019 by Adam Redling

�https://www.fuelsfix.com/2019/07/biodiesel-vehicle-wrap-program/

Biodiesel vehicle wrap program 2019

�https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neste.us%2Fneste-my%2Ffind-fuel&psig=AOvVaw3SKmnfnUpa_7su70j3UcqS&ust=1604185856888000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOjnkJq43ewCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/2516343/biodiesel-ranks-first-among-fleets-for-alternative-fuel-use

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

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Fueling Trains with Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel

From Diesel Technology Forum: LA’s Metrolink and Bay Area’s Capitol Corridor Commuter Rail Service Both Invest in New Advanced Diesel Engines Powered with 100% Renewable Diesel

18 new trains for regional passenger rail services in Groningen and Friesland, the Netherlands will be powered by biodiesel.

Renewable diesel, also known as HVO or green diesel can completely replace petroleum diesel in trains, too. LA’s Metrolink and Bay Area’s Capitol Corridor Commuter Rail Service Both Invested in New Advanced Diesel Engines Powered with 100% Renewable Diesel.

Background/References:

LA’s Metrolink and Bay Area’s Capitol Corridor Commuter Rail Service Both Invest in New Advanced Diesel Engines Powered with 100% Renewable Diesel

https://www.dieselforum.org/news/all-aboard-from-norcal-to-socal-new-generation-of-diesel-to-deliver-clean-air-climate-benefits-to-california-rail-commuters-and-residents

Diesel Technology Forum

18 New Biodiesel Fuelled Trains Coming to the Netherlands

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/18-new-biodiesel-fuelled-trains-coming-to-the-netherlands/

https://news.arriva.co.uk/news/arriva-wins-northern-rail-concession-in-the-netherlands-worth-1-6-billion-euros

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Fueling Buses with Renewable Natural Gas (RNG)

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https://euinmyregion.blogactiv.eu/2016/07/04/biogas-buses-are-the-green-solution-for-cities/

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Maritime/Marine Fuels

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https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/marine-biofuel/

Motivation for transition to renewable fuels for marine/maritime purposes comes from International Maritime Orgnization regulations for low sulfur fuels.

Ammonia, biodiesel blends, renewable diesel, even on-ship waste-to-fuel are being used and tested.

Sustainable Energy has developed its own integrated subcritical-water organic-waste power-generation system, or ISOP system, which decomposes organic substances using subcritical-water-treating technology and ultimately produces green energy products such as biofuels. Through this investment, NYK will begin joint studies on converting organic waste such as garbage and sludge generated on vessels into fuel by utilising the ISOP system. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/nyk-invests-in-tech-to-convert-garbage-onboard-into-biofuels/

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Military Aviation Fuels

Military Marine Fuels

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On March 25, 2010, the Air Force successfully conducted the first flight test of an aircraft powered by a 50-50 camelina-based biofuel blend.

If renewable fuels that meet military specifications meet price requirements, the military will buy and use them.

The Navy also was actively engaged in testing and certifying advanced biofuels for planes and ships—flying the “Green Hornet” on a camelina-based jet fuel and floating

Riverine Command Boat-Experimental (RCB-X) on a biofuel derived from algae.16 The Navy demonstrated a carrier strike group powered solely by alternative fuels in 2012. Dubbed the Great Green Fleet, the ships and planes conducted an extended mission in 2016, and all energy provided to operational platforms was supposed to be 50 percent alternative by 2020. Didn’t happen.

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Green Racing: Indy 500 will use 100% renewable in 2023

Le Mans will use 100% biofuels in 2023

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Formula 1

Plans for 100% sustainable, renewable by 2026

(Formulas 2,3,4 also use renewables)

Green Racing https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/category/green-racing/

�Racing has been and should be a testbed for new technologies, new fuels. That slacked off for a few years, but is again alive.

https://totalenergies.com/media/news/press-releases/all-24-hours-le-mans-race-cars-use-100-percent-renewable-fuel-produced-by-totalenergies

All 24 Hours of Le Mans Race Cars to Use 100% Renewable Fuel Produced by TotalEnergies

https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/2022-last-indy-500-with-e85-next-year-100-renewable-fuel/

2022: Last Indy 500 with E85 – Next Year 100% Renewable Fuel

Formula 1 on Course to Deliver 100% Sustainable Fuels for 2026 https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.formula-1-on-course-to-deliver-100-sustainable-fuels-for-2026.1szcnS0ehW3I0HJeelwPam.html#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20F1's%20plans,road%20cars%20across%20the%20world.

F2, F3 to Run with 55% Sustainable Fuels from 2023 Season

by Megan White (Motorsport.com) Formula 2 and Formula 3 are set to partner with Aramco to pioneer sustainable fuels from 2023. Both championships will run with 55% sustainable fuel next season, with the percentage increasing incrementally to 100% by the start of the 2027 season. The agreement forms part of Formula September 2, 2022 Read Full Article https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/f2-f3-to-run-with-55-sustainable-fuels-from-2023-season/

Repsol, Supplier of the First Single-Seater French Formula 4 Championship to Use 100% Advanced Biofuel

(Biofuels Central) Repsol, supplier of the first single-seater French Formula 4 championship to use 100% advanced biofuel. Repsol has begun supplying 100% advanced biofuel to the French Formula 4 championship for use in pre-season testing at the legendary Bugatti circuit in Le Mans and throughout the 2022 season. It will be the April 18, 2022 Read Full Article https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/repsol-supplier-of-the-first-single-seater-french-formula-4-championship-to-use-100-advanced-biofuel/

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Heating oil

Green Energy Consumers https://blog.greenenergyconsumers.org/blog/start-biodiesel

Biofuels can also be used for heating. Bioheat® fuel is a blend of cleaner-burning ultra-low-sulfur heating oil and biodiesel.

Background/References:

Over 5 million U.S. households use heating oil as a main source of heat The biodiesel industry has attempted to grow the Bioheat fuel market, a blend of biodiesel and ultra low sulfur heating oil, since 2006.

“It hasn’t been easy,” Paul Nazzaro, supply chain adviser to the National Biodiesel Board, said. “We’ve been through years of studies and testing, years of developing and getting an ASTM standard approved, and faced opposition from some of the equipment manufacturers,” he said.

However, Nazzaro feels the product has potential to make headway with the home heating oil industry, especially in the Northeastern part of the country.

September 2019 the New England Fuel Institute (NEFI) adopted a resolution stating the home heating industry would reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on 1990 levels by 15% by 2023, 40% by 2030, and to net zero emissions by 2050. https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/13125-biodiesel-optimistic-for-bioheat-after-carbon-reduction-pledge

Green Energy Consumers https://blog.greenenergyconsumers.org/blog/start-biodiesel

Biodiesel is a solvent, which is what makes it burn cleaner than regular heating oil, however in high concentrations it has been known to degrade the rubber seal on fuel pumps for oil burners or furnaces. Of course, a service technician can simply come and replace the seal.

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Today

Ethanol Cook Stoves

Project Gaia:

Nigeria

Ethiopia

Haiti

Brazil

Tanzania

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What Will Sustainable Renewable Fuels Used For?�Tomorrow

Optimized Flex-Fuel Vehicles (FFV)

E85
E30

Plug-In Flex Fuel Hybrids

Drop-In Petroleum Fuel Replacements

The Rest of the Gallon
100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel

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Ford Escape Hybrid E85

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What Will Sustainable Renewable Fuels Be Used For?� Tomorrow

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Hydrogen or Ethanol for Fuel Cells

How about in the future? In addition to continuing and expanding what works now, in the future we can expect to use renewable hydrogen or ethanol for fuel cell powered cars and trucks. And work is being done to optimize gasoline engines for E30, 30% ethanol. Who knows, maybe the other 70% will be green gasoline.

Background/References:

“Designer” fuels tailored to obtain the most efficient, most powerful performance from specific engines

Hydrogen Carriers for Fuel Cells

Tier 3 and E30 certification fuels

3.5-liter V6 EcoBoost® racing engine and EcoBoost for consumer vehicles.

“At Ford Racing, we really put great emphasis on racing production-based vehicles as well as production-based technologies,” says Jamie Allison, director, Ford Racing. “We’re proud to bring a direct-injected, twin-turbo 3.5-liter V6 EcoBoost engine to the United SportsCar Championship in a field of competitive V8-powered entries. We want to show Ford EcoBoost’s capabilities as an engine that provides both performance and fuel economy, on and off the track.” --2014

“This engine is the future,” says Doug Yates, CEO, Roush Yates Racing Engines. “This Ford EcoBoost engine includes all the newest technologies – direct injection, turbocharging and high efficiency. We’re looking at taking it to the next level through this sports car racing program.”

http://www.imsa.com/articles/ford-debut-new-ecoboost-race-engine-rolex-24

https://ngtnews.com/light-duty-hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles-wheres-the-traction?utm_medium=email&utm_source=LNH+02-14-2023&utm_campaign=NGT+Latest+News+Headlines

New Engine Technologies Could Produce Similar Mileage for All Ethanol Fuel Mixtures

Get photo from NEVO MOtors once they go online. https://nevomotors.com/

High-capacity electric vehicles (HCEV’s) from Nevo Motors are designed for heavy cargo and long range by using on-board range extender generators powered by renewable natural gas (RNG), with future electric truck models designed to use patented hydrogen and ethanol range extenders. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/aemetis-enters-electric-vehicle-market/

Latest Fuel Cell Vehicle and Hydrogen Station Data Released:

California Fuel Cell Partnership, December 1, 2020 https://cafcp.org/by_the_numbers

According to the latest data from the California Fuel Cell Partnership, as of December 1, 2020, 8,890 fuel cell cars had been sold and/or leased in the U.S. In addition, 48 fuel cell buses have been placed in operation in California with another seven under development. The state has 42 hydrogen stations available and another 15 in various stages of development.

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Rocket Fuel

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Missile Fuel: DARPA High Density JP-10 (BR-1)

Orbital Completes First Operational Cargo Mission to International Space Station for NASA-- Cygnus Cargo Logistics Spacecraft Reenters Earth’s Atmosphere Over Pacific Ocean --

-- Company’s Next CRS Mission to ISS to Take Place in Early May --

(Dulles, VA 19 February 2014) – Orbital Sciences Corporation (NYSE: ORB), one of the world’s leading space technology companies, today announced the successful completion of the first of eight CygnusTM operational cargo logistics spacecraft missions to the International Space Station (ISS) as part of the company’s $1.9 billion Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract with NASA. The Cygnus spacecraft unberthed from the ISS yesterday morning at 6:41 a.m. (EST), completing a 37-day stay at the orbiting laboratory. Today, Cygnus reentered Earth’s atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand at approximately 1:20 p.m. (EST).

“We are very proud to have a second flawless cargo mission to the space station brought to a successful conclusion this afternoon,” said Mr. David W. Thompson, Orbital’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. “Following Cygnus’ successful demonstration mission in late 2013 conducted under our COTS research and development partnership with NASA, the picture-perfect execution of the first operational mission is a great way to start the CRS contract. We are looking forward to the next Antares launch and Cygnus cargo delivery mission currently scheduled for early May.”

The CRS-1 mission began on January 9, 2014 when Orbital’s AntaresTM rocket launched Cygnus into orbit from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) located at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in eastern Virginia. Cygnus, which carried 2,780 lbs. (1,260 kg.) of cargo and science payloads, rendezvoused and berthed with the ISS three days later on January 12. Prior to its departure from the station, the astronauts loaded the cargo module with approximately 3,250 lbs. (1,477 kg.) of unneeded items for disposal.

Under the CRS contract with NASA, Orbital is using Antares and Cygnus to deliver up to 44,000 lbs. (20,000 kg.) of cargo to the ISS over eight missions, including the CRS-1 flight just completed, through late 2016. For these missions, NASA will manifest a variety of essential items based on ISS program needs, including food, clothing, crew supplies, spare parts and equipment, and scientific experiments.

Preparations are already well advanced for the next Cygnus cargo delivery flight, the CRS-2 mission, scheduled to take place in early May. The Antares rocket for the mission is now undergoing final assembly at Wallops Island, while the Cygnus spacecraft is being prepared for shipment to the Wallops launch site in mid-March. The CRS-2 flight is expected to deliver about 3,630 lbs. (1,650 kg.) of cargo to the Space Station.

About Antares�The Antares medium-class launch vehicle represents a major increase in the payload launch capability that Orbital can provide to NASA, the U.S. Air Force and commercial customers compared to its heritage small-class space launch vehicles such as Pegasus, Taurus and Minotaur. The Antares rocket can launch spacecraft weighing up to 14,000 lbs. (6,400 kg.) into low-Earth orbit, as well as lighter-weight payloads into higher-energy orbits. Orbital’s newest launcher has completed three successful missions and is currently on-ramped to both the NASA Launch Services-2 and the U.S. Air Force’s Orbital/Suborbital Program-3 contracts, enabling the two largest U.S. government space launch customers to order Antares for “right-size and right-price” launch services for medium-class spacecraft. For more information on Antares, visit http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Antares/.

About Cygnus�Orbital developed the Cygnus cargo spacecraft as part of its Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) joint research and development initiative with NASA. Cygnus consists of a common Service Module (SM) designed and built by Orbital at its Dulles, VA manufacturing facilities, and a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM), built by Thales Alenia Space under a subcontract from Orbital. The SM incorporates avionics, power and propulsion systems already successfully flown aboard dozens of Orbital’s LEOStar™ and GEOStar™ satellite products. The PCM is based on the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) used with the Space Shuttle. For more information on Cygnus, visit http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Cygnus_fact.pdf.

About Orbital�Orbital develops and manufactures small- and medium-class rockets and space systems for commercial, military and civil government customers. The company’s primary products are satellites and launch vehicles, including low-Earth orbit, geosynchronous-Earth orbit and planetary exploration spacecraft for communications, remote sensing, scientific and defense missions; human-rated space systems for Earth-orbit, lunar and other missions; ground- and air-launched rockets that deliver satellites into orbit; and missile defense systems that are used as interceptor and target vehicles. Orbital also provides satellite subsystems and space-related technical services to U.S. Government agencies and laboratories. More information about Orbital can be found at http://www.orbital.com. Follow the company on Twitter @OrbitalSciences.

# # # http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=1887

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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What are they?

How are they used?

How are they made?

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What Are Sustainable Renewable Fuels?

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How are they made?

Feedstock

Logistics

Technology

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Agriculture�and�Forestry �The Foundations�of the Bioeconomy��Waste Management�for the Circular Economy�

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Some Feedstocks: �

Sugars, Starches
Oil seed crops
Grasses
Trees and Forest Waste
Agricultural Residues
Algae, Seaweed
Food/Animal Processing Residues, Waste
Energy Crops
Thin Air
Water
Captured Carbon Dioxide
Food Waste
Municipal Solid Waste
Flue Gas
Used Cooking Oil

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How are they made?

Feedstock

Logistics

Technology

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

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Logistics: Harvest, Storage, Transport

Storage of co-product, carbon dioxide (CO2), for carbon sequestration

Graphic from Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute

http://www.rmcmi.org/education/carbon-capture-storage#.X-zZi9hKhPY

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At ethanol refineries, logistics may also include sequestering the co-product, carbon dioxide (CO2), to obtain carbon capture and storage credits.

Background/References:

Graphic from Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute: Carbon Capture And Storage

http://www.rmcmi.org/education/carbon-capture-storage#.X-zZi9hKhPY

45Q - The Drive to Qualify

EThanol Producer Magazine: The road to qualifying for the 45Q tax credit can be confusing, with strict limitations on project phases and what constitutes start of construction. But, navigated properly, the credit is a promising opportunity. http://www.ethanolproducer.com/articles/17813/45q-the-drive-to-qualify

And if not stored close to the production site, the CO2 has to be transported to the storage site using, for example, pipelines. https://advancedbiofuelsusa.info/tag/carbon-pipeline/

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How are they made?

Feedstock

Logistics

Technology

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Processes

Fermentation
Transesterification
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Anaerobic Digestion

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Biochemical

Thermochemical

Gasification
Pyrolysis
Catalytic Conversion
Thermochemical conversion of sugars

Power to X

Electrolysis (water to hydrogen)

Carbon Capture

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Recycling Carbon

Renewable fuels recycle the carbon that is already on land and in the air. We won’t have to take fossil carbon out of deep storage and add it to the atmosphere.

�Background/References:

�Burning hydrocarbons that used to be buried deep in the Earth releases carbon dioxide into the air. More than we need to grow plants and to sustain life. So it stays for a very long time in the atmosphere causing climate change.

�Less pollution

In addition, fuels like ethanol, biodiesel, renewable diesel, SAF and RNG and renewable heating and shipping fuel burn cleaner, don’t put as many pollutants into the air.

�Biofuels are carbon neutral, don’t contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases related to the carbon they take out of the atmosphere when they are growing. Think of it. Plants that you can see are made out of the air that you can’t see.

�And recycling the carbon already on land in the form of plastics and industrial flue gases also reduces the carbon that needs to be taken out of deep storage.

�

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