Advanced Linux

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Announcements

• Project Status
• Club Website is looking for design ideas
• Marston vs West has video of progress on slack
• Casual Coding Sessions
• Wednesday 4PM - 6PM in Marston, Room Darwin
• Thursday 5PM - 7PM in Marston, Room Nye
• Club Survey
• Help us out and you may win a shirt or sticker!
• On our Facebook page
• Mozilla Collab
• Next Wednesday
• Working on Open Source Projects

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Last time on...

• Previous presentation
• Information about installing Ubuntu
• Basic navigation
• How to install/update programs

What is a .. ?

• Shell
• Actual program that runs commands
• Bash, Zsh, Fish, etc
• Terminal
• GUI into the shell
• Open up on a desktop
• Usually open up at home directory
• Console
• No GUI, just the shell
• TTY (TeleTYpewriter)
• Ctrl + Alt + F1-6
• Ctrl + Alt + F7 goes back to GUI

Terminal Shortcuts

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• Kill current process
• Ctrl + C
• Sends a SIGSTOP to process
• Stop current process
• Ctrl + Z
• Sends a SIGINT to the process
• Copy
• Ctrl + Shift + C
• Paste
• Ctrl + Shift + V

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• Look at previous command
• Up arrow
• Autocomplete
• Tab
• Finish spelling
• Files and folders
• See history
• history
• Run command with !<Line Number>
• !! is the last command

Basic Commands

• List files and folders
• ls
• Long format and all files
• ls -la
• See current directory
• pwd
• Change Directory
• cd <directory name>
• Go up a directory
• cd ..

Basic Commands (cont.)

• Make a file
• touch <Filename>
• Doesn't modify existing file
• Make a directory
• mkdir <Folder name>
• Remove file
• rm <Filename>
• Remove folder
• rm -r <Foldername>

Starting a Program

• Execute a file
• ./<Executable file>
• Shell script or C out file
• Run program as a child
• <Program>
• Command line or GUI
• Run command as a new process
• <Program> &
• Closing the terminal dosen’t kill the program
• Leave a session
• exit
• For things like ssh

Basic Commands Practice

• Check current folder
• pwd
• Make a file
• touch temp.txt
• See file
• ls
• Remove file
• rm temp.txt
• Look at root directory
• ls /

File System

• Can vary based off distro
• Mostly the same
• /
• Called root
• Uppermost directory
• /bin
• Common system programs
• /boot
• Boot files
• Boot loaders (Grub) are located here

• /dev
• References to CPU peripheral hardware
• /etc
• Program config files
• /home
• Contains all home directories
• /lib
• Libraries
• /lost+found
• Files saved during failures

File System (cont.)

• /mnt
• Mount point for external media
• /opt
• Third party software
• /proc
• Virtual file systems for system resources
• /root
• Root user's home directory

• /sbin
• Common system programs which require root permissions
• /tmp
• Temporary space
• Cleaned on reboot
• /usr
• User related programs and libraries
• /var
• Storage for variable files like logs

Users and Groups

• Each login is a user
• Can use either Command Line or GUI
• Home directory
• Where the user saves all their data
• Found at /home/<user name> or ~/
• Root user
• Has full control of OS
• Create and remove users
• Install and remove software
• Can grant other users superuser privileges

• Groups give access rights
• To files and folders
• Certain programs
• Access to things like printers
• A user may be in many groups
• Wheel group
• Access to superuser privileges

Sudo and Su

• Allow a user to act like root
• Must be very careful
• There is a reason it’s a privilege
• Run a single command as root
• sudo
• Run every command as root
• su
• Must enter in password

Permissions

• See file permissions
• ls -l
• -rw-r--r-- 1 matthew matthew 0 Nov 5 18:24 temp.txt
• Mode
• Number of hard links
• User and Group
• If no group then the user
• File size in blocks
• Date and time
• Last modified
• File name

Permissions (cont.)

• drwxrwxr--
• Letters
• Read = 4
• Write = 2
• Execute = 1
• Directory/Link
• Meanings
• User
• Group
• Everyone else

Change Permissions

• Change owner and group
• chown <User>:<Group> <File>
• chown matthew the.txt
• chown :humans doctor.txt
• Change permissions
• chmod <Group>+<Permissions> <File>
• chmod o+wr star.txt
• chmod ug-x wars.txt
• chmod ### <File>
• chmod 421 star.txt
• chmod 777 trek.txt

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Permissions Practice

• Make a directory
• mkdir temp
• See permissions
• ls -l
• Remove all permissions
• chmod 000 temp
• Try accessing
• cd temp
• Change back
• chmod 300 temp
• Try again
• cd temp

Various Tools

• See list of processes
• top
• End a process
• kill <pid>
• Find where a program is
• whereis <Program>
• See all the logged in users
• who

• Information about a program
• man <Program>
• Shutdown
• shutdown
• Reboot
• reboot
• Schedule programs to run
• crontab <File>
• Or edit cron file

Web Tools

• Check internet connection
• ping <Url>
• Download a file from internet
• wget <Url>

• Log in to a remote PC
• ssh <User>@<Hostname>
• Share files between remote PCs
• sftp <User>@<Hostname>
• GUI log in to a remote PC
• ssh -X <User>@<Hostname>
• <GUI Program>&

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Dev Tools

• View text
• less <File>
• Edit text
• vim <File>
• emacs <File>
• nano <File>
• Have multiple terminals open
• tmux
• Compile programs
• make
• Needs makefile

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• Differences between a file
• diff <File1> <File2>
• Patchfiles
• Find a file in a directory
• find . -name "<File>" -print
• Find a string in a file
• grep <pattern> <file>
• grep ”Star Wars” movies.txt

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Other Command Line Tools

• Tons of other commands
• Search what you want + bash and you’ll find something
• Look through man pages

Run Windows Programs

• WINE
• Windows Is Not Emulated
• Install WINE
• sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
• sudo apt install wine
• Install app
• Check compatibility
• https://appdb.winehq.org/
• Note any issues/workarounds
• Download executable
• Install with WINE
• Run

Resources

• Club bash info
• Bash cheatsheet
• Make your terminal look amazing

Other things?

• Grub
• Server
• Docker intro
• Snap/Flatpack
• Screen share