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Lecture 1:�Topic Overview

Dr Tan Kok Wei

ELC612

Learning and Cognition

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Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

  1. Evaluate different theories of learning (T1, T2, T3, T4) and apply them in teaching
  2. Help learner improve their ability of stay attentive, retain information (T4)
  3. Defend the importance of constructivism in learning (T5)
  4. Distinguish thinking and metacognition (T6, T7)
  5. Help boost critical and creative thinking (T7)

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Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lecture, you should be able to:

  1. Examine how individual difference and task types may have impact on learning and its outcomes (T8)
  2. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (T9)
  3. Boost motivation of learners (T9)
  4. List and discuss the importance milestones of reading (T10)

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Introduction

Psychology is the scientific study of human ABC (affect, behavior, and cognition) with the ultimate aims to explain, predict and modification

  • Comprising various theoretical viewpoints

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Psychoanalysis emphases on childhood experiences and unconscious mind

Behaviourism studies mainly observable behaviour

Cognition focuses on internal mental processes

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Introduction

Psychology is the scientific study of human ABC (affect, behavior, and cognition) with the ultimate aims to explain, predict and modification

  • Comprising various theoretical viewpoints

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Psychoanalysis emphases on childhood experiences and unconscious mind

Behaviourism studies mainly observable behaviour

Cognition focuses on internal mental processes

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Introduction

Psychologists employ a wide range of research method

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Surveys and correlation

Experiment

Observation

Case studies

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Classical Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

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Behavourism

Theories

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Pioneer

Ivan Pavlov

B.F. Skinner

Mechanism

Associating two stimuli together

Associating a behaviour with its outcome

Primary Tool

Repeated stimulus pairing

Reinforcement & Punishment

Example

A dog salivating at the sound of a bell paired with food

A rat pressing a bar as such an action bring rewards

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Applying Behavourism

  1. Rewards can be beyond those tangible ☞ feedback and compliments
  2. Provide immediate and specific feedback upon completion of an assessment
  3. Delayed feedback may be useful for complex learning materials and for older students
  4. Diversify the format for reinforcers ☞ nodding, smile, acknowledgement, specific compliments
  5. Use different schedule of reinforcement
  6. Be mindful for attention seeking

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Question?

End of T1 and T2