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SESSION OUTLINE

THE KEY TOPICS TO BE COVERED IN THE SESSION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

TOPIC ONE - THE IMPORTANCE OF CITATION
TOPIC TWO – WHEN AND HOW TO CITE
TOPIC THREE – TYPES OF CITATION STYLES
TOPIC FOUR - APA CITATION STYLE

Slide 2

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IMPORTANCE OF CITATION

Slide 3

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IMPORTANCE OF CITATION

CREDIT SOURCES OF INFORMATION & IDEAS
READER CAN LOCATE FURTHER INFORMATION IF REQUIRED
VALIDATE ARGUMENTS
INCREASE AND SPREAD KNOWLEDGE
SHOW DEPTH, BREADTH & QUALITY OF YOUR READING!
ACKNOWLEDGE DEBTS TO OTHER WRITERS.
DEMONSTRATE BODY OF KNOWLEDGE UPON WHICH YOUR ASSIGNMENT IS BASED.
FAILURE TO CITE CONSTITUTES PLAGIARISM

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WHEN AND HOW TO CITE

YOU CITE WHEN YOU USE:

QUOTATIONS
STATISTICS
FACTS
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER PEOPLE'S WORK
DIAGRAMS
IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS
MODELS
EQUATIONS
THEORIES/IDEAS

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WHEN AND HOW TO CITE (2)

EXAMPLES - QUOTATIONS

QUOTATIONS ARE EXACT WORDS OF AN AUTHOR, COPIED DIRECTLY FROM SOURCE, WORD FOR WORD
OWUSU-ANSAH (2013) STATED THAT “STUDENTS ARE CONSTANTLY ADAPTING TO THE CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY" (P. 4).

USE QUOTATIONS WHEN:

YOU WANT TO ADD AUTHORITY OF AN AUTHOR’S WORDS TO SUPPORT YOUR ARGUMENT
YOU WANT TO DISAGREE WITH AN AUTHOR’S ARGUMENT

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WHEN AND HOW TO CITE (3)

QUOTATIONS (CONTD)

HIGHLIGHT PARTICULARLY ELOQUENT OR AUTHORITATIVE PHRASES OR PASSAGES
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING SPECIFIC POINTS OF VIEW
NOTE IMPORTANT RESEARCH THAT PRECEDES YOUR OWN (ROHRBACH AND VALENZA CITED IN “WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?”)

INTRODUCING QUOTES – USE SIGNAL PHRASES:

THE AUTHOR….. ARGUES, OBSERVES, INSISTS, WRITES, COUNTERS, REVEALS, POINTS OUT, IMPLIES, EXPLAINS, CONCLUDES, STATES, SUGGESTS, COMMENTS, CLAIMS, MAINTAINS, NOTES, DEMONSTRATES, SAYS
ACCORDING TO… (AUTHOR, CHARACTER,NARRATOR)

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WHEN AND HOW TO CITE (4)

STATISTICS/ STUDIES

A STUDY BY O'CONNOR OF THE CIBA FOUNDATION FOUND THAT 52 SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS HAD USED 33 DIFFERENT REFERENCE STYLES (CITED BY GARFIELD 1986, P. 3)

EQUATION

THE QUADRATRIX OF HIPPIAS IS EXPRESSED BY THE FOLLOWING CARTESIAN EQUATION :

Y = X COT(ΠX/2A) (SMITH 2008, P.74):

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WHEN AND HOW TO CITE (5)

METHOD OF CITATION

CITATION STYLE OR REFERENCE SYSTEM - STANDARDISED SYSTEM FOR REFERRING TO MATERIALS USED IN YOUR WRITING
IN BODY TEXT YOU NEED TO CLEARLY DETAIL NAME OF AUTHOR AND YEAR THEIR WORK WAS PUBLISHED – CITATION
READER SHOULD THEN BE ABLE TO CROSS-REFERENCE THIS TO MORE DETAILED LIST AT END REFERENCE LIST OR ‘BIBLIOGRAPHY’
BOTH SHOULD BE SYSTEMATIC, UNIFORM AND THOROUGH, AND REALLY EASY TO UNDERSTAND
THROUGHOUT ANY WRITTEN REPORT, MAKE SURE YOU USE SAME SYSTEM CONSISTENTLY

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TYPES OF CITATION STYLES

Slide 10

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TYPES OF CITATION STYLES

APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION) - PSYCHOLOGY , EDUCATION AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES
HARVARD REFERENCING - MOST COMMONLY USED SYSTEM IN COLLEGE
MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION) - ENGLISH OR OTHER FIELDS WHERE CURRENCY OF TEXT IS NOT AS IMPORTANT AS IDENTIFYING PAGE NUMBER OF INFORMATION
CHICAGO (THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE)/TURABIAN - IN HISTORY AND NATURAL SCIENCES MANY OTHER FIELDS.
CBE OR CSE (COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC EDITORS) - SCIENCES, ESPECIALLY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE.
VANCOUVER - BIOMEDICAL JOURNALS AND MANY SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS

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TYPES OF CITATION STYLES (2)

ILLUSTRATION OF DIFFERENCES:

MLA�LIST, CARLA. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION RESEARCH. DUBUQUE, IOWA: KENDALL/HUNT, 1998
APA�LIST, C. (1998). INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION RESEARCH. DUBUQUE, IOWA: KENDALL/HUNT.
TURABIAN�LIST, CARLA. 1998. AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION RESEARCH. DUBUQUE, IOWA: KENDALL/HUNT.
NOTE : ALL THREE STYLES INCLUDE SAME INFORMATION (AUTHOR, TITLE, PUBLICATION INFORMATION) RECORDED IN A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FASHION (PLACEMENT OF ITEMS, ITALICS, PARENTHESES).

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APA CITATION STYLE

Slide 13

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APA STYLE 6^TH EDITION

WHY USE APA?

USE CONSISTENT STYLE TO COMMUNICATE CLEARLY
USE RULES FOR CITING VARIOUS SOURCES TO SAVE YOUR TIME
LEARN VALUABLE SKILL THAT IS USEFUL FOR UNIVERSITY AND FUTURE
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CITATION
CITATION OCCURS IN 2 AREAS IN WRITTEN WORK.
IN-TEXT CITATION : PROVIDING BASIC INFORMATION ON SOURCE OF REFERENCE IN TEXT ITSELF.
REFERENCE LIST : PURPOSE TO HELP READERS FIND REFERENCES USED IN TEXT.

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APA STYLE (2)

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF APA

APA STYLE TENDS TO USE AUTHOR-DATE FORMAT.
THIS MEANS CITATIONS ARE USUALLY FORMATTED IN (NAME, YEAR)
REFERENCE LIST ORGANIZED ALPHABETICALLY BY NAME AND THEN IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
BASIC REFERENCING FOR BOOKS, JOURNALS, MAGAZINES, NEWSPAPERS, WEBSITES

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APA STYLE (3)

BOOK REFERENCE – SINGLE AUTHOR

IN- TEXT

TAYLOR (2003) COMPARED REACTION TIMES……
IN A STUDY OF REACTION TIMES (TAYLOR, 2003) …

REFERENCE: GENERAL FORMAT

AUTHOR, A. A. (YEAR). TITLE OF BOOK (EDITION). LOCATION: PUBLISHER.
TAYLOR, S. E. (2003). HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY (5TH ED.). BOSTON: MCGRAW-HILL.
MINISTRY OF HEALTH. (2001). STATE OF HEALTH REPORT. SINGAPORE: MINISTRY OF HEALTH

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APA STYLE (4)

CITATION IN TEXT (MULTIPLE AUTHORS)

FOR 2-5 AUTHORS, CITE ALL AUTHORS AND YEAR.

PLAYFAIR, GARDNER AND BANCROFT (2004) DID A SURVEY ON….
A SURVEY ON FATHERS INVOLVEMENT IN … (PLAYFAIR, GARDNER & BANCROFT, 2004)

REFERENCE:

PLAYFAIR, J. H., GARDNER, M., & BANCROFT, G. J. (2004). INFECTION AND IMMUNITY. (2ND ED.). OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.

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APA STYLE (5)

CITATION IN TEXT (MULTIPLE AUTHORS)

FOR WORKS WITH 6 OR MORE AUTHORS, USE FIRST AUTHOR ET AL. AND YEAR.
KOSSLYN ET AL. (1996) …
ET AL. MEANS AND OTHERS
FOR BOTH FIRST AND ALL SUBSEQUENT CITATIONS.

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APA STYLE (6)

JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE - SINGLE AUTHOR

AUTHOR, A. (YEAR). TITLE OF ARTICLE. JOURNAL TITLE, VOL(NO), PAGES.

MCGILL, K. (2006). READING THE VALLEY: PERFORMANCE AS A RHETORIC OF DIMENSION, TEXT AND PERFORMANCE QUARTERLY, 26(4), 389-404.

TWO AUTHORS

AUTHOR, A. A., & AUTHOR, B. B. (YEAR). TITLE OF ARTICLE. JOURNAL TITLE, VOL. (ISSUE NO.), PAGES.

RACETTE, A., & BARD, C. (2006). MAKING NON-FLUENT APHASICS SPEAK. JOURNAL OF LOGIC AND COMPUTATION, 18, 27-45.

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APA STYLE (7)

JOURNAL ARTICLE REFERENCE (MULTIPLE AUTHORS)

FOR 6 AND BELOW AUTHORS, LIST OUT ALL THE AUTHORS’ NAMES

BJOKR, R. N. AUERBACH, J. S., PIAGET, J., TEIN, J. Y., KWOK, O. M., HAINE, R. A., … BOTROS, N. (2003). CLASSROOM INTERACTION IN SCIENCE: TEACHER QUESTIONING AND FEEDBACK TO STUDENTS' RESPONSES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE

EDUCATION, 63, 57-60.

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APA STYLE (8)

MAGAZINE ARTICLE REFERENCE

INCLUDE MONTH AND DAY OR SEASON AS GIVEN ON MAGAZINE
FAIRCHILD, A. L., & BAYER, R. (2004, JANUARY 30). ETHICS AND THE CONDUCT OF PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE. SCIENCE, 303, 631- 632.

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APA STYLE (9)

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE REFERENCE
AUTHOR, A. (YEAR). TITLE OF ARTICLE. TITLE OF NEWSPAPER, PAGES.
LEE, J. (1999, SEPTEMBER 6). MORE TURNING TO ACUPUNCTURE. THE STRAITS TIMES, PP. 28-29.
MANY MENTALLY ILL SEEK BLACK MAGIC CURES (1994, MAY 2). THE STRAITS TIMES, P. 2.

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APA STYLE (10)

WEB PAGE REFERENCE

AUTHOR, A. A. (YEAR). TITLE OF WORK. RETRIEVED MONTH DAY, YEAR, FROM SOURCE.
IF NO AUTHOR, THEN THE TITLE MOVES UP.

EXAMPLE:

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. (2003). ELECTRONIC REFERENCES. Retrieved March 21, 2005, From Http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html.

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APA STYLE (11)

PUBLISHER INFORMATION

GIVE CITY AND STATE IF CITY IS NOT WELL KNOWN OR

AMBIGUOUS EXAMPLE: HILLSDALE, NJ OR CAMBRIDGE, MA

SPELL OUT OTHER COUNTRIES � EXAMPLE: OXFORD, ENGLAND: BLACKWELL
SPELL OUT NAME OF PUBLISHER ESPECIALLY

ASSOCIATIONS, CORPORATIONS, UNIVERSITY PRESSES

LEAVE OUT TERMS LIKE “PUBLISHER, CO, INC.”
RETAIN TERMS LIKE “BOOKS”, “PRESS”.

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APA STYLE (12)

MORE THAN ONE PUBLISHER LOCATION

USE THE FIRST ONE, IF THE BOOK LISTS MORE THAN ONE PUBLISHER LOCATION.
EXAMPLE: NEW YORK, LONDON: MACMILLAN
🡪 CITE AS NEW YORK: MACMILLAN

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REFERENCE LIST

DOCUMENTS ONLY SOURCES USED IN RESEARCH AND PREPARATION (NOT A BIBLIOGRAPHY)
REFERENCES CITED IN TEXT MUST APPEAR IN REFERENCE LIST
INFORMATION MUST BE COMPLETE TO ENABLE THE SOURCE TO BE RETRIEVED

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REFERENCE LIST ORDER

ALPHABETICAL BY AUTHOR’S NAME
CHRONOLOGICAL BY SAME AUTHOR
ALPHABETICAL BY TITLE
BAHETI, J. R. (2001A). CONTROL …
BAHETI, J. R. (2001B). ROLES OF …
KUMPFER, K. L. (1999). FACTORS …
KUMPFER, K. L. (2002). PREVENTION …
KUMPFER, K. L., ALVARADO, R., SMITH, P., …
YOSHIKAWA, H. (1994). PREVENTIONS …

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PAY ATTENTION TO

CONSISTENCY IN HOW YOU APPLY APA
PUNCTUATION (PERIOD, COMMA, SEMI-COLON)
LOCATION AND PUBLISHER FOR BOOKS
VOLUME, ISSUE AND PAGE NUMBERS FOR ARTICLES
COMPLETE AND CORRECT INFORMATION
SPELLING

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ACTIVITY 1

ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING REFERENCES IN APA STYLE

THE EFFECT OF POPULAR AND CLASSICAL MUSIC ON SMALL MAMMALS
JOURNAL OF MUSIC STUDIES
THOMAS KEDGECOE
VOLUME 3 NO 3 PAGES 37-48 2007

LONDON, ACTION BOOKS 2009
GRAHAM FISHER AND RAYMOND LEWES
READING IN THE DARK

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ACTIVITY 2

WHAT'S IT LIKE TO HAVE ADD? RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 20, 2005, FROM ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER ASSOCIATION WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.ADD.ORG/ARTICLES/WHATS_IT_LIKE.HTML HALLOWELL, E. M. (1992).

E-JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, 1
CULBERTSON, H., & BRUCK, D. (2005). FROM HTTP://OJS.LIB.SWIN.EDU.AU/INDEX.PHP/EJAP/ARTICLE/VIEW/3/12 14-22. NARCOLEPSY AND DISRUPTION TO SOCIAL FUNCTIONING. RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER 20,

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ACTIVITY 3

JOURNAL OF CONSULTING AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 73,
HARDY, G. E., CAHILL, J., STILES, W. B., ISPAN, C., MACASKILL, N., & BARKHAM, M. (2005). SUDDEN GAINS IN COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR DEPRESSION: A REPLICATION AND EXTENSION.
59-67.

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ACTIVITY 4

CITATION: TRUE OR FALSE

INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET IS 'FREE'. ANYONE CAN USE IT WITHOUT HAVING TO REFERENCE IT.
AS LONG AS I USE SPEECH MARKS, I DON'T HAVE TO SAY WHERE THE QUOTATION IS FROM.
I CAN COPY PICTURES/DIAGRAMS/PHOTOS WITHOUT REFERENCING THEM.
IF I SUMMARISE OTHER PEOPLE'S IDEAS, I STILL NEED TO REFERENCE THEM.
IF I PARAPHRASE OR REWRITE THE INFORMATION, I DON'T NEED TO REFERENCE IT.

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ACTIVITY 5

SOME INFO IS 'COMMON KNOWLEDGE', IT DOESN'T NEED TO BE REFERENCED.
BEING CAUGHT PLAGIARISING CAN RESULT IN THE FAILURE OF A DEGREE COURSE.
STATISTICS NEED TO BE REFERENCED.
IF I CITE SOMEONE ONCE, I CAN USE THEIR IDEAS LATER WITHOUT NEEDING TO CITE THEM AGAIN.
PLAGIARISM IS COPYING PUBLISHED WORK; I CAN COPY MY MATE'S WORK BECAUSE IT'S NOT BEEN PUBLISHED.