Ch 5 - Pathology
Unit Review
1. Gain an understanding of the proper use and meanings of the various terms of Pathology
- Pathology
2. What are the 8 mechanisms of disease and their basic processes?
1. Genetic: altered genes → altered proteins, may not function, function improperly
2. Pathogenic Organisms: organisms that cause disruption, often parasitic
3. Tumors and Cancer: abnormal tissue growth (neoplasms)
4. Physical and Chemical Agents: mechanical injury, extreme temperatures, toxins, radiation
5. Malnutrition: improper or insufficient nutrition, lack of needed minerals and vitamins
6. Autoimmunity: body’s immune system attacks itself
7. Inflammation: swelling usually caused by other mechanisms, but the swelling itself can cause damage (extended time, extensive swelling)
8. Degeneration: breaking down of tissue, usually associated with aging
3. What are the 6 risk factors and how do they contribute to disease?
4. Pathogenic Organisms:
Viruses- basic structures (nucleic acid/ protein coat) and mechanism
- ex. AIDS, COVID-19
Bacteria- unicellular prokaryote, know basic mechanisms
How are staining, shape, and grouping used to classify bacteria?
Be able to classify bacteria by these techniques.
Fungi- eukaryote (unicellular yeast, multicelled mycotic)- recognize examples
Protozoa- unicelled eukaryotes- mechanism, classification by method of movement
Animals- multicelled eukaryotes- usually parasitic, know 3 basic groups
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5. What are the 4 ways diseases are usually spread?
6. What techniques are used to prevent disease? (know both aseptic & vaccine techniques)
7. How do we treat and contain infection?
8. What are the basic medical imaging techniques, and how are these various techniques used in disease diagnosis?
X-Ray – radiation and film show dense tissue
Flouroscopy & Radiopaque– chemicals glow or make organs visible on xray film
CT Scan – computer and multiple images (can be 3D)
MRI – magnets influence soft tissue, record the signals as they return to shape
Ultrasound – sound waves converted into images
Endoscope/Laparoscope - Insert camera into body
9. Cancer:
10. Why and how does the inflammatory response occur?
Chemotaxis draws WBC → pus
Mediators increase blood flow (redness/heat)
Edema- swelling from increased fluids (lymph)
11. What common diseases result from inflammation?