1 of 27

� DEFICIENCY DISORDERS

DR. PALLAV SHEKHAR

ASSTT. PROFESSOR

VETERINARY MEDICINE

Unit -3

2 of 27

Mineral Deficiency

MACRO-MINERALS

MICRO-MINERALS OR TRACE MINERALS

Constitute the greater proportion of inorganic matter

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium

Sodium, Potassium and chlorine

Present as 90mg/kg body mass

Iron, Copper, Cobalt

Zinc, Selenium, Iodine

Manganese, Fluorine

3 of 27

Total No. of Minerals

4 of 27

Introduction

  • Twenty two mineral elements were believed for the higher forms of animal life

(Underwood, 1981)

​

  • These comprised of seven major or macronutrient minerals i.e calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl)

and

  • Fifteen micro-mineral nutrients i.e iron, iodine, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, tin, vanadium, fluorine, silicon, nickel and arsenic.

​

  • Last nine mineral elements are referred newer trace elements.

​

5 of 27

Supply

Demand

6 of 27

Toxicity

Deficiency

7 of 27

  • Imbalanced or excessively high in a mineral produces change in its concentration above or below the critical limits producing functional, physiological and structural abnormalities.

​

​

  • Acute or severe mineral deficiency or toxicities are characterized by clinical signs with pathological changes.

​

​

  • However, mild to moderate deficiency are difficult to diagnose and characterized by unthriftiness, anorexia, loss of production and reproduction.

​

​

8 of 27

Clinical manifestation of cattle suffering from Mineral Deficiency

9 of 27

10 of 27

Soil-Fodder-Animal Relationship

Soil

Plant

Animal

11 of 27

Calcium

  • Mineral deficiency are quite common and are mainly due to non-availability of balanced diet or deficiency of minerals in the soil and fodder.

​

  • Calcium is the most important macro-mineral in the body and 99% is found in the skeleton.

​

  • Bone contains 36% calcium and 17% phosphorus.

​

​

12 of 27

13 of 27

Important functions of Ca in animals include formation of skeletal tissue, transmission of nerve impulses, excitation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, blood clotting, and as a component of milk.

​

  • The homeostasis of calcium is maintained by two hormones in the animal’s body that is
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secreted by parathyroid gland

​

      • and

​

  • Calcitonin secreted by Thyroid gland

​

                  • and

​

                  • Activated form of Vit D

​

​

14 of 27

15 of 27

Calcium Deficiency

PRIMARY

  • Feeding of Ca deficient diet

SECONDARY

  • Interfering with availability of Ca through reduced absorption like phytates or oxalates concentration high in the diet.
  • Increased rate of demineralization

​

  • Excessive drainage in milk and eggs.

​

  • Cu def., Vit A def. and Fluorosis

​

​

16 of 27

Epidemiology

High Milk yielding Cow and Buffalo

Newborn pups and Bitches in kennels

Indoor keeping, Feeding of High P diet,

17 of 27

Clinical findings

  • The first symptom of Ca deficiency is loss of appetite.

​

  • Retardation of growth in young animals.

​

  • Lameness, painful and enlarged joints, arching of back, stiff movements and deformation of pelvis and long bones.

​

  • Rickets and osteomalacia.

18 of 27

Clinical manifestation of calcium deficiency

19 of 27

  • Rickets: Deficiency of Ca in young animals is characterized by failure to mineralize new bones with development of rickets .

​

  • Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia: Deficiency in older animals and high yielding cows forces to withdraw Ca from bones which in persisting deficiency lead to osteoporosis and osteomalacia .

20 of 27

  • These conditions are characterized by enlargement of ends of long bones and ribs.

Rachitic Rosary

Rachitic rosary refers to expansion of the anterior rib ends at the costochondral junctions and is most frequently seen in rickets as nodularity at the costochondral junctions

Presence of Bids/nodules in a five months old Great Dane pup at VCC, BVC, BASU, Patna

21 of 27

  • Premature shedding of incisor teeth, commonly known as broken mouth, deformity of gums, poor development of incisors, defective development of dentine and enamel.

22 of 27

  • Muscular tremor

​

  • Drowsiness, staring, sternal recumbency to a final stage of lateral recumbency and loss of consciousness – Milk Fever.

​

  • Eclampsia in bitches

23 of 27

Diagnosis

  • Animal Ca status is accessed commonly by estimation of serum/plasma Ca.

​

  • The normal blood plasma concentration of Ca in bovines is 9.7-12.4 mg/dl .

​

  • Reported that Ca deficiency occur in Cattle when their level falls below 8mg/dl.

24 of 27

Prevention and Control

  • Adequate calcium in the diet.

​

  • Reduction of Phosphorous intake.

​

  • Adequate vitamin D

  • The optimum Ca:P ratio is within the range of 2:1 .

​

25 of 27

MAINTENANCE

  • The maintenance requirement of Ca for non-lactating cow is 0.0154 gm/kg body weight while for lactating cows it is 0.031 gm/kg body weight.

​

PRODUCTION

  • Cows require about 2.1 gm absorbed Ca/kg of colostrum produced, while 1.37 gm/kg of milk (NRC, 2001).

​

26 of 27

  • Ground lime stone prepared from calcite, bone meal

​

  • Di-calcium phosphate (DCP) should be supplemented in the diet.

27 of 27

  • THANK YOU