Paper 1
Fitness & Body Systems
80 Marks
1hr 30mins
Expectations
Theory
Practical
Class Rules
Entering Class
During the Lesson
Exiting Class
The Musculo-Skeletal System
Main Functions in Sport: Movement, stability, protection & posture
The voluntary muscles connect to the bones of skeleton via tendons to allow movement at joints, through lever systems
To understand the musculo-skeletal system we need to look at both the muscular and skeletal system
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zg67tyc/revision/5
Skeletal System
WALT
5 Functions of the Skeletal System� Just Put Main Skeletal People
Function | Explanation |
1. Joints for Movement | At joints 2 or more bones meet & work with muscles to form levers that allow movement |
2. Protection of vital organs from impact | Cranium protecting the brain, rib cage protecting the heart & lungs |
3. Muscle Attachment | Tendons join muscle to bone to act as anchors that pull on a bone |
4. Storing Calcium & Phosphorus | Minerals vital to develop (ossification) & maintain the strong and healthy bones needed for exercise Phosphorus also helps to reduce muscle pain after a hard work-out. Found in milk, cheese & yoghurt |
5. Platelets, Red & White Blood Cell Production | Produced in bone marrow (found in middle of long bones) which can respond to your activity and condition. Red blood cells transport O2 to working muscles. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets clot blood |
Exam Questions
Bone Locations (20)
Cranium Sternum Scapula Ribs
Vertebrae Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
Fibula Tibia Clavicle Humerus
Pelvis Radius Ulna Femur
Patella Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
The Location of Bones (20)
4 Classifications of Bones | |||
Short | | Box-like shape bones found at hands & feet Only Carpals and Tarsals | Weight Bearing Shock absorption and spreading loads. Used for the delicate movements |
Irregular | | Unusually shaped for special purpose e.g. Vertebrae and Patella | Protection of Vital Organs & Muscle Attachment Vertebrae protect spinal cord Back muscles attach to the vertebrae column |
Long | | Longer than they are wide e.g. Humerus, Femur, Tibia & Metacarpals | Act as Levers Used for main movements of the body |
Flat | | Thin plate like bones which cover large surface area e.g. Cranium, Ribs and Pelvis | Protection of Vital Organs & Muscle Attachment Cranium protects brain if hit by cricket ball |
Bone | Bone Type | Location |
Tarsals | Short | Foot |
Carpals | Short | Hand |
Vertabrae Column | Irregular | Spine |
Patella | Irregular | Knee joint |
Femur | Long | Upper leg |
Phalanges | Long | Fingers & Toes |
Metatarsals | Long | Foot |
Metacarpals | Long | Hand |
Fibula | Long | Back of lower leg |
Tibia | Long | Front lower leg |
Ulna | Long | Outsider forearm |
Radius | Long | Inside forearm |
Humerus | Long | Upper arm |
Cranium | Flat | Head |
Clavicle | Flat | Upper front shoulder |
Scapula | Flat | Upper Back |
Sternum | Flat | Centre Chest |
Pelvis | Flat | Hip area |
Ribs | Flat | Chest |
Bones Aiding Performance
EXAMPLE 1: The Spin Bowler is relying on the carpals, metacarpals and phalanges to apply spin and rotation to the ball to deceive the batsman
EXAMPLE 2: Swinging a racket to play a forehand drive in tennis involves the long bones of the arm (humerus, radius and ulna) act as levers to help swing the racket and generate power onto the ball to hit to past an opponent
How can the different bones play a part in our sporting actions?
EXAMPLE 3: The short bones of the wrist (Carpals) support and spread the gymnasts body weight so they can maintain the balance with control to make it aesthetically pleasing
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Pop Quiz
The Vertebral Column
Act as a shock absorber
Reduces friction
Allows movement between the bones
Regions of the Vertebral Column – Exam Tips
Come
To
London
See
Chelsea
Cute
Teddies
Love
Some
Cuddles
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRAL
COCCYX
Think of the number of vertebrae in each section as a telephone number
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
Regions of the Vertebral Column – Functions
Picture of a rugby player in scrum
Picture of high jumper
The High Jumper is able to hyper extend her back in order to get her body over the bar. Back muscle attachment at the lumbar helps create this shape.
It is important for this rugby player that the weight against his shoulders is passed to his legs through a straight spine. A bent back could lead to injury of the spinal cord
The lumbar and sacrum regions of the vertebrae column helps to support the weight and move the atlas ball
What is a Joint?
“A JOINT is a place where TWO or more bones meet”
This is the
knee joint
Femur
Tibia
Patella
Fibula
Connective Tissues at a Joint
Tendons
non-elastic fibres that connect muscles to bones. Pull on a bone to produce movement.
Ligaments
are tough, elastic fibres that link bones to bones. Keep joints stable and prevent dislocations.
Cartilage
tough fibres that prevents the ends of bones rubbing together at joints. Its slippery surface also helps to lubricate the joint. Prevent friction.
Exam Questions
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1) Flexion
“A bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts”
TIP: Bending part of the body at a joint
EG. Bending elbow & knee when bowling
2) Extension
“A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts”
EG. When taking off in the long jump the leg is extended at the
knee
TIP: Straightening a part of the body at a joint
8 Movement Possible at Synovial Joints
3) Adduction
“A movement that pulls towards the midline of the body”
TIP: Think ADD
EG Bringing the arms & hands together to begin the breaststroke action
4) Abduction
“A movement that pulls away from the midline of the body”
TIP: If somebody is abducted then they are taken away
EG. Abduction of the arm for
a goalkeeper to make a save
5) Rotation
“Movement around a single axis or pivot point”
EG Playing a topspin shot in table tennis
Tip: Twisting action at a joint
6) Circumduction
“Moving in a circular or conical shape”
EG Cricketer bowling a ball at the shoulder joint
Tip: Drawing circle in the air
7) Plantar-Flexion 8)Dorsi-Flexion
“Extending or pointing the toes down, away from the shin”
“Planting or flexing the toes up, closer to the shin”
Tip: Plant toes into ground
Tip: Point toes to sky
4 Synovial Joints & Movement
1) Ball & Socket:
Movement: All but Plantar Flexion & Dorsi-Flexion
Location: Shoulder and Hip
Sporting Example: Rotation of the arm at the shoulder during butterfly stroke
2) Hinge:
Movement: Flexion & Extension (Plantar-Flexion & Dorsi-Flexion)
Location: Knee, Elbow & (Ankle)
Sporting Example: Extension of leg at the knee to follow through after kick a ball
3) Pivot:
Movement: Rotation
Location: Neck Between Atlas & Axis of neck
Sporting Example: Rotation of head during a header in football
4) Condyloid:
Movement: All but Rotation Plantar Flexion & Dorsi-Flexion
Location: Carpals
Sporting Example: Move wrist to generate spin on the ball
Joint and Movement Analysis
Golfer
Left knee – hinge joint / flexed
Right elbow – hinge joint / flexed
Right shoulder – ball and socket / slight abduction
Left shoulder – ball and socket / adduction.
Analyse the joint movements involved in these two sporting actions.
Volleyball player
Right knee – hinge / flexed
Left knee – hinge / slightly flexed
Both elbows – hinge / extended
Shoulders – ball and socket / adducted
Hips – ball and socket / flexed (or abducted)
Exam Question
Muscular System
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3 Types of Muscle | |
Involuntary Muscle (Smooth) |
e.g. Vascular smooth muscles make up wall of blood vessels – Vascular Shunting e.g. Intercostal and diaphragm muscle |
Cardiac Muscle |
|
Voluntary Muscle (Skeletal) | - Under our conscious control
|
3 Functions of the Voluntary Muscles |
1. Movement and Flexibility |
2. Posture |
3. Define Body Shape |
Location of Muscles (12)
Deltoid Biceps Gastrocnemius
Triceps Pectoralis Major Latissimus dorsi
Gluteus Maximus Hip Flexors Quadriceps
Tibialis Anterior Hamstrings External Obliques
Movement Muscles Produce
Movement Muscles Produce
Movement Muscles Produce
Exam Questions
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4 Antagonistic Pairs
One muscle contracts (shortens) while the other relaxes (lengthens) in order to produce movement
The contracting muscle is called the agonist or prime mover
The relaxed muscle is call the antagonist
Exam Tip - An exam question will show a movement from position A to position B - describe position B
Muscle pair | Action and location | Prime Mover/Agonist | Antagonist |
Bicep and tricep | Flexion of arm at elbow | Bicep | Tricep |
Extension of arm at elbow | Tricep | Bicep | |
Quadricep and hamstring | Flexion of leg at knee | Hamstring | Quadricep |
Extension of leg at knee | Quadricep | Hamstring | |
Gastrocnemius and Tibialis anterior | Plantar-Flexion | Gastrocnemius | Tibialis Anterior |
Dorsi-Flexion | Tibialis Anterior | Gastrocnemius | |
Hip Flexor and Gluteus Maximus | Flexion of leg at hip | Hip Flexor | Gluteus Maximus |
Extension of leg at hip | Gluteus Maximus | Hip Flexor |
Muscle Fibres
Myoglobin – stores and transports oxygen to muscle cells
Mitochondria - structures in muscle cells where respiration happens
Activity | Slow Twitch% | Fast Twitch % |
Average human | 50 | 50 |
Marathon runner | 85 | 15 |
Weight lifter | 15 | 85 |
Football player | 35 | 65 |
Long jumper | 25 | 75 |
Muscle Fibres Types
Type I: Slow twitch - aerobic work
(1500m+)
EG Long distance running
Low intensity activity
Positives: High fatigue resistance - high myoglobin content
Negatives: Low speed & force of contraction
Type IIa: Fast twitch – aerobic & anaerobic work
(400m-1500m)
EG 800m runners
Extended high intensity activity (30secs-2mins)
Positives: High speed & force of contraction, strength & speed endurance
Negatives: Not as fatigue resistant as type I & not as powerful as Type IIx
Type IIx: Fast twitch - anaerobic work
(100m-300m)
EG 100m sprinter
Explosive activity
Positives: Very high speed of force & contraction
Negatives: Very low fatigue resistance due to rapid build up of lactic acid
| Type 1 | Type 11a | Type 11x |
Force of Contraction | Low | High | Very High |
Speed of Contraction | Slow | Medium | Fast |
Fatigue Resistance | High | Moderate | Low |
Aerobic or Anaerobic | Aerobic | Both | Anaerobic |
Myoglobin | High | Medium | Low |
Mitochondria | High | Medium | Low |
Capillary Network | Good | Moderate | Low |
Exam Questions
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3 Short Term Effects of Exercise on the Muscular System
1. Muscle Fatigue “When muscle get tired” When muscle fatigue occurs, the muscles ability to produce force is reduced and can feel weak, painful & tired. Muscle fatigue normally occurs during anaerobic respiration due a build up of lactic acid |
2. Lactate Accumulation “When lactic acid gathers in the muscles/blood due to increased work intensity” Leads to DOMS (delayed onset of muscular soreness) if the lactic acid is not flushed out of the body |
3. Cramp Severe muscle fatigue which causes the muscle to spasm & over-contract in a painful way. Can occur after during or after exercise as a result of losing salts and electrolytes from the body. Stop, hydrate and stretch |
3 Long Term Effects & Benefits on �Musculo-Skeletal System
1. Increased Bone Density – Prevents Osteoporosis
2. Increased Strength of Ligament & Tendons
3. Muscle Hypertrophy
Increased Muscular Strength
Increased Muscular Endurance
Increased Power = Muscular Strength x Speed
** Need Rest & Recovery for Adaptations**
9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance 9 marker
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNOWLEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
Command Words
Access | Gathering opinions to make a judgement |
Analyse | Break something down and examine |
Classify | Grouping based on characteristics |
Complete | Required to add information based on a stimulus/resource. This could be to complete a table, graph, chart or missing word/phrase from a sentence/statement |
Define | Definition of word/term |
Describe | Detailed description |
Discuss | Advantages & disadvantages |
Examine | Justified answer based on analysis |
Explain | Justified answer with linked reasoning |
Evaluate (9 marker) | Supported judgement in relation to question context e.g. sport or sports performer in question |
Give | Generally involves the recall of a fact, or an example based on the given stimulus. |
Identify | Can require a selection from a given stimulus or resource |
Justify | Give reasons for your answers |
Label | Requires addition of named structures or features to a diagram |
Predict | Predict what is likely to happen in the future |
Select | Requires a choice based on an evaluation of information from a given stimulus/resource |
State | Recall facts |
Using an Example | Often used with explain or describe, where an example is required to exemplify the point(s) being made |
Which | Mainly used in multiple-choice questions where a selection from a set of options is required |
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
Q) Evaluate the relevance of the different muscle fibre types for a 5000m runner
A01 – What are the characteristics of different muscle fibres?
A02 – When can the different muscle fibres types be used during a 5000m race?
AO3 – Evaluate which muscle fibre type is most relevant – rank order
Q) Evaluate the relevance of the different muscle fibre types for a 5000m runner
9 Markers – Mark Scheme��Q) Evaluate the relevance of the different muscle fibre types for a 5000m runner�
Lever Systems
Pop Quiz
Levers
The joints of our skeleton act as levers. Muscles pull on the bones of the skeleton allowing movement of that body part. This may be to increase the speed of your own body (somersault) or an object such as a ball.
Levers have 2 main functions:
4 Components of Levers
Lever: A bone
Fulcrum: This is the point of movement, generally at the centre of a joint. (Pivot point)
Load: This is the body’s weight or an external object (e.g. dumbell). This will move as a result of the effort on the lever.
Effort: This is a muscular force that moves the load (e.g. the bicep muscle in a arm curl)
3 Types of Levers
There are three types of lever:
| |
| |
1st Class Levers (See-Saw)
Examples:
Footballer moving their head forwards to head the ball
High jumper moving their head backwards to clear the bar & see mat
1st Class Levers
Examples:
Arm movement when preparing to throw javelin
Follow through after taking a football throw-in
2nd Class Levers (Wheelbarrow)
Examples:
Diver on their tip toes at the edge of the board before their dive.
Long jumper going up onto their tip toes as they take off from the board.
Netballer standing on their tip toes when defending.
3rd Class Levers (Shovel)
Examples:
Somebody lifting the weight during a bicep curl.
Javelin thrower as they bend their arm before releasing javelin.
Fielder in cricket as they bend their arm before to releasing ball.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Levers
Lever | Advantages | Disadvantages |
1st and 2nd class
| Provides little effort to lift heavy loads | Small range of movement and cannot move load quickly |
Due to the load being closer to the fulcrum than the effort – The greater the length of the effort arm in comparison to the resistance arm, the greater the mechanical advantage | ||
3rd class
| Provides speed and wide range of movement | Greater force is required than the load so the load can be moved |
Due to the effort being closer to the fulcrum than the load - the greater the length of the resistance arm in comparison to the effort arm, the greater the mechanical disadvantage | ||
Identifying Levers
1st Class Lever | 2nd Class Lever | 3rd Class Lever |
Neck e.g. heading
|
Ball of Foot e.g. long jump take-off |
Elbow – Flexion of the arm e.g. lifting a dumbbell
|
Elbow – Extension of the arm e.g. football throw-in
|
|
All Others - Knee & Hip |
Identifying Levers
2nd Class Lever
2nd Class Lever
1st Class Lever
3rd Class Lever
1st Class Lever
Exam Questions
Planes & Axis of Movement
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztd4wxs/revision/2
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Planes of Movement
To help explain movement, the body can be viewed as having a series
of imaginary slices/glass panes running through it
These are referred to as planes of movement
The Sagittal Plane
The Sagittal Plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
Movements that take place in this plane are the up and down movements of flexion and extension
The Frontal Plane
The Frontal Plane is also a vertical plane but it divides the body into front and back
Movements that take place in this plane are sideways movements of abduction and adduction
The Transverse Plane
The Transverse Plane is a horizontal plane that divides the top and bottom halves of the body
Movement that take place in this plane is rotation
Planes of Movement in Sport
Frontal
Sagittal
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Transverse
Axis of the Body
Axes are like invisible skewers running through the body
All movements rotate around one of the axes
Frontal Axis
The frontal axis runs through the hips
horizontally from the left to right
Sagittal Axis
The sagittal axis runs through the belly button
from the back to front
Vertical Axis
The vertical axis runs through the body
vertically from the head to the toes
Planes & Axis of Movement Combined
Plane | Axis | Movement | Sporting Example |
Sagittal | Frontal | Flexion & Extension | Somersault |
Frontal | Sagittal | Abduction & Adduction | Cartwheel |
Transverse | Vertical | Rotation | 180 twist on trampoline |
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
Cardio-Respiratory System
Is the interaction of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the muscles during exercise.
To understand the cardio-respiratory system we need to look at both the cardiovascular system and respiratory system.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/ztkr82p/revision/3
Respiratory System
Knowledge Quiz | |
1. Define a joint? (1) | 11. Name a flat bone? (1) |
2. Name a short term effect of exercise on muscles? (1) | 12. What type of synovial joint is the elbow? (1) |
3. Name the muscle on the front of your lower leg? (1) | 13. Name a long bone? (1) |
4. What joint movements take place in the frontal plane? (1) | 14. What do ligaments join? (1) |
5. Name a function of the skeletal system. (1) | 15. Where is cartilage found? (1) |
6. Which lever has a mechanical disadvantage? (1) | 16. Name a short bone? (1) |
7. Which plane goes with the vertical axis? (1) | 17. Name an irregular bone? (1 |
8. Name a long term effect of exercise on muscles? (1) | 18. What is the role of tendons? (1) |
9. Name the muscle fibre type suited for sprinting? (1) | 19. Name a part of the vertebrae? (1) |
10. Name the antagonistic pair that flexes and extends the leg at the hip? (1) | 20.) How many movements are possible at synovial joints? (1) |
WALT
Functions of the Respiratory System
2. Expels carbon dioxide, a waste product that is created in the muscles when exercising.
Gas | Amount in inhaled air | Amount in exhaled air |
Oxygen | | |
Carbon dioxide | | |
Nitrogen | | |
Other gases | | 2% |
16%
4%
78%
21%
0.04%
78%
0.96%
Composition of Air
Structure of the Respiratory System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIgu8sMIZm0
Mechanics of Breathing - INHALATION
2. The intercostal muscles contract &
move the ribs upwards & outwards
3. This increases the size of the chest
& decreases the air pressure inside
the chest cavity
4. Air is sucked into the lungs
Mechanics of Breathing - EXHALATION
2. The intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and downwards
3. This decreases the size of the chest & increases the air pressure in the chest cavity
4. Air is forced out of the lungs
Lung Volumes
Total Lung Capacity (6L)
The total amount of air that the lungs can
hold after the biggest possible breath in
Vital Capacity (5L)
The greatest amount of air that can be
made to pass into & out of the lungs by the
most forceful inspiration & expiration
Tidal Volume (0.5L)
The amount of air inspired & expired with
each normal breath at rest or during exercise
Exam Questions
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Gaseous Exchange
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B44n2SMLv-s
Gaseous exchange is increased during exercise due to an greater demand for O2 and need to remove CO2 due to aerobic respiration at the working muscles
Diffusion
Alveoli | Capillaries |
High oxygen concentration | Low oxygen concentration |
Low carbon dioxide concentration | High carbon dioxide concentration |
Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrate to reach a balance
Capillaries | Working Muscles |
High oxygen concentration | Low oxygen concentration |
Low carbon dioxide concentration | High carbon dioxide concentration |
The cardiovascular system needs the respiratory system to be efficient at removing O2 from the air. The most important part of the respiratory system is the alveoli.
Alveoli
Aerobic Respiration Equation: Glucose + oxygen energy + Co2 + water
Fuel Source:
Aerobic Respiration - WITH OXYGEN
The body will be able to work aerobically if the activity is of a MODERATE OR LOW INTENSITY
E.g. marathon running, endurance cycling or long distance swimming.
Glucose and oxygen are brought to the muscles by the blood, where respiration takes place and energy is released. Carbon Dioxide and water are the waste products. These are absorbed by the blood and taken away.
Long Term Effects of Aerobic Training:
Anaerobic Respiration - WITHOUT OXYGEN
Anaerobic Respiration Equation: Carbohydrate (Glucose) Energy + lactic acid
Fuel Source:
Long Term Effects of Anaerobic Training
Used for HIGH INTENSITY activity & POWERFUL MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
EG long jump, high jump & javelin.
Oxygen cannot be processed quickly enough for body to use during anaerobic respiration.
Therefore OXYGEN DEBT & LACTATE ACCUMULATION occur
LACTIC ACID is a by-product of anaerobic energy production. When lactic acid builds up DOMS occurs and muscles become fatigued and cannot function properly. An athlete would need to rest and repay the oxygen debt before they can produce another burst of high intensity anaerobic work.
“The amount of oxygen needed at the end of a physical activity to break down lactic acid into water & carbon dioxide.”
An Oxygen debt is created when muscles work anaerobically. This means that when you have finished exercising, and in the recovery phase, your cardiovascular and respiratory systems continue to work hard to repay the debt and replenish your muscles with oxygen. To repay the oxygen debt you will either stop or slow down to allow you to breath faster and deeper to bring in more oxygen and remove waste products
EG End of 400m race, in-between points in tennis after a hard rally, in-between rounds after throwing a combination of powerful punches in a boxing match
Oxygen reacts with lactic acid
CO2
Water
Removed through RS
Oxygen Debt
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
WALT
Pop Quiz
5 Short Term Effects of Exercise on the Respiratory System |
|
2. Increased rate of breathing |
3. Increased gaseous exchange |
4. Increased tidal Volume |
5. Oxygen debt –depending on the intensity of the exercise |
6 Long Term Effects of Exercise on the Respiratory System |
1. Increased intercostal muscle strength |
2. Increased diaphragm strength |
3. Increase lung capacity |
4. Increased vital capacity |
5. Use if increased amount of alveoli |
6. Increased VO2 max |
Impacts of Exercise on Cardio-respiratory System
Improved efficiency of the lungs will allow..
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
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Pop Quiz
Components of the Cardiovascular System
2. Blood vessels
3. Blood
Functions of the cardiovascular system
1. Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients (glucose)
2. Clotting - Platelets form clots, which seal open wounds. Guarding the body against infection and excessive bleeding.
3. Regulation of body temperature - Body temperature needs to stay around 37C. Vasodilation increases blood flow towards the skin to be cooled. Vasoconstriction decreased blood flow toward the skin to key heat in core of the body.
Vasodilation | Vasoconstriction |
When veins dilate, widening of the lumen to increase blood flow. | When veins shrink, narrowing of the lumen to decrease blood flow. |
Right side (on you) | Left side (on you) |
Deoxygenated blood (goes to lungs) | Oxygenated blood (goes to body therefore is thicker) |
Heart Structure
Heart Structure
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary Veins
Bicuspid valve
Left atrium
Semi-lunar valve
(Pulmonary Valve)
Left ventricle
Septum
Inferior vena cava
Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Right atrium
Superior vena cava
Semi-lunar valve
(Aortic Valve)
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
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1. Deoxygenated Blood returns from the body to the right atrium by the vena cava’s
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle and travels to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. The semi-lunar valves prevent blood re-entering the heart
4. Blood is oxygenated by the lungs
5. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the Pulmonary Veins and enters the left atrium
6. Bicuspid valve
7. Oxygenated blood is pumped through the Aorta to the muscles and organs. The semi-lunar valves prevent blood re-entering the heart
Blood Flow
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries
(DR) Diastole the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill with blood
(SC) Systole the phase of the heartbeat when the muscle contracts and pumps blood chambers into the arteries
Blood Pressure
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
WALT:
Pop Quiz
4 Components of Blood
Component | Function | Sporting Example |
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocyte) |
| Very important for aerobic sports to be continue without fatigue (marathon runners) |
White Blood cells (Leukocyte) |
| Keeps athletes healthy and feel from illness so they can train and compete |
Platelets |
| Very important for contact sports as players who are bleeding would need to stop playing in a match or training until bleeding stops (blood subs in rugby, boxers being stopped) |
Plasma |
| Transportation of oxygen & nutrients & removal of waste products to ensure athletes can continue to work without fatigue �(marathon runner) |
RECAP
Without vascular shunting you would find taking part in sport unsustainable. Your muscles would be forced to work anaerobically and this would lead to early muscle fatigue
Vascular Shunting - The Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise
Cardiac Output - Blood Distribution | ||
Rest | 5L Blood per min | 85% to organs – 15% to muscles |
Exercise | 20L Blood per min | 15% to organs – 85% to muscles |
Vasoconstriction (narrowing of the lumen) - The muscular walls of the blood vessels carrying blood to the inactive areas of the body contract to reduce blood flow EG digestive system. This can lead to stomach cramps & sickness
Vasodilation (opening of the lumen) - The muscular walls of the blood vessels carrying blood to the voluntary muscles relax to increase blood flow to allow them to work aerobically. This allows them to work for longer without fatigue.
Blood Cell Count
High Red Blood Cell Count
Low Red Blood Cell Count
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
WALT:
Pop Quiz
5 Short Term Effects of Exercise to the Cardiovascular System
5. Increased Blood Pressure
Remember the Cardiac Equation
The amount of blood pumped by the heart during each beat (75-130ml)
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
(5l rest & 20l active)
X
=
The number of times the heart beats per minute (70bpm)
Heart Rate
Cardiac Output
Stroke Volume
11 Long Term Effects of Exercise to the Cardiovascular System(CCC)
C | C | C |
Increased Capillarisation | Cardiac Hypertrophy | Decrease in Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) |
Increased Gaseous Exchange Increased number of Red Blood Cells | Increased Resting Stroke Volume | Healthier Veins and Arteries due to more elastic muscular walls of arteries & Veins |
| Increased Maximal Cardiac Output | Drop in Resting Blood Pressure |
| Decreased Resting Heart Rate | |
| Faster Recovery Time | |
CHD Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6QJceOAVY0
Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems working together
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1DL021iNVanvqbd6EZSCKvMWG_F1PqapY
9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance 9 marker
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNOWLEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) ANALYSE & EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
A01 – What is meant by redistribution of blood flow? What is meant by vasodilation and vasoconstriction?
A02 – What types of movements occur during a hockey match? Where would vasoconstriction and vasodilation take place?
AO3 – What are the active areas of the body during hockey? How would redistribution of blood affect performance?
Q) Evaluate the extent to which the redistribution of blood flow is necessary during a hockey match
Q) Evaluate the extent to which the redistribution of blood flow is necessary during a hockey match
9 Markers – Mark Scheme��Q) Evaluate the extent to which the redistribution of blood flow is necessary during a hockey match��
Fitness Definitions
Pop Quiz
TASK
Health
Fitness
Exercise
Performance
Health:
“A state of complete emotional (psychological), physical and social well being & not merely the
absence of disease & infirmity.”
Fitness:
“Ability to meet the demands of the environment”
Performance:
“How well a task is completed”
Exercise:
“Physical activity that maintains or improves health and physical fitness” (not competitive)
The Link….. Exercise improves health and fitness therefore performance will improve.
Fitness Definitions
Fit but not Healthy?
Anxiety
Growth hormone deficiency
Diabetes
ACTN3 ‘Sports Gene’
If people do not exercise and live a sedentary lifestyle, they can develop health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure and back pain. These problems can be reduced with physical activity and are known as hypokinetic diseases
Hypokinetic Diseases
Components of Fitness��
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Health Related Exercise
These five elements help us stay physically fit and healthy.
Health Related Exercise
Muscular Muscles Can Feel Big
| Definitions |
MUSCULAR STRENGTH | The amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance |
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE | The ability to use the voluntary muscles many times without getting tired The ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time |
CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS
| |
FLEXIBILITY
| The range of movement possible at a joint |
BODY COMPOSITION | The percentage of body weight that is fat, muscle and bone |
Muscular Strength
Muscular strength allows you to lift heavy weights and is vital for sports that needs strength and power
EG Weightlifter to lift heavy bar
You can increase muscular strength through weight training. Some performers cheat and take steroids to increase their muscular strength
Muscular Endurance
Muscular endurance is a measure of the length of time your voluntary muscles can contract without getting tired. This can be repeated contractions, or one contraction held for a long time.
EG Marathon runner towards the end of the race
Cardiovascular Fitness
The efficiency of your cardiovascular system getting oxygen, and nutrients to your working muscles. And the removal of waste products such as carbon dioxide. This will allow you to perform at a high intensity for a long time without fatigue.
EG Marathon Runner
Flexibility
If you are not flexible, you have less range of movement and your joints will get stiff. Flexibility is obviously needed for gymnast, but it is crucial for every sport to be performed different techniques correctly and prevent injury
EG Badminton player reaching for a net shot
Body Composition
The way we are built is called body composition (% of muscle, fat & bone)
It is important that fat % is kept low to avoid diseases like heart disease and diabetes
Different sports favour different body types. Long distance runner needs less weight to carry. A rugby prop needs to be heavy to push the scrum
Some aspects you can’t improve because of genetics (height) but the others can be improved through exercise
Skill-Related Fitness (ABC-PRS)�Helps people to become good at physical activity
Skill Related Components
| Definitions |
Agility | The ability to control the movement of your whole body and change position quickly |
Balance | Being able to keep the body stable, while at rest or in motion |
Co-ordination | The ability to use two or more body parts together |
Power | The ability to undertake strength performances quickly |
Reaction Time | The time between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of movement |
Speed | The rate at which an individual can perform a movement to cover a distance |
ABC-PRS
Agility
Ability to change position and control the body at speed
EG Changing direction to dodge around a defender in rugby
NB - 100m sprinter doesn’t need agility
Balance
There are two types of balance static (still) and dynamic (on the move)
EG Holding a static balance on a gym beam
EG Maintaining a dynamic balance when performing a split leap on the gym beam
Co-ordination
There are different types of co-ordination:
Using two or more body parts at the same time
Hand-eye, foot-eye co-ordination etc
EG Tennis player co-ordinating the ball toss and racket movement during the serve
Power
Power = Strength x Speed
EG Sprinters pushing against the starting blocks to make an explosive start
Reaction Time
The time is takes to react to a something that you cannot predict
EG Goalkeeper adjusting to save a deflected shot
Speed
Is the rate at which your body, or part of your body, is able to perform a movement
EG Sprinting using leg speed to cover 100m. Boxer using hand speed to land a punch
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
Fitness Testing
The purpose of fitness testing is to gather information about your current fitness levels (strengths and weaknesses) in 1 or more of the 11 components. These can be used in your PEP (personal exercise programme) as baseline scores and retested to see if any improvement has occurred.
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Test Protocol
Test results
< = Less than
> = More Than
Fitness Test | COF Tested | Protocol |
Cooper 12 minute | Tests cardiovascular fitness and estimates VO2 max |
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Harvard step | Tests cardiovascular fitness, you need muscular endurance but it is not measured |
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Hand grip | Tests muscular strength in the hand |
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1 minute press up | Tests muscular endurance |
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Fitness Test | COF Tested | Protocol |
1 minute sit up | Tests abdominal muscular endurance |
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Sit and reach | Tests flexibility of the hamstrings and lower back muscles |
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30m sprint | Tests speed |
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Fitness Test | COF Tested | Protocol |
Illinois Agility Run | Tests Agility | |
Vertical jump | Tests leg power |
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Interpretation of Data
Quantitative | Qualitative |
Includes numbers | Information about qualities feeling/opinions |
Number of laps on the 12 minute cooper run | How you felt you run on the 12 minute cooper run |
Easy to measure | Difficult to measure |
Closed question in a questionnaire | Open question in a questionnaire |
Exam Questions
9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance 9 marker
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNOWLEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) ANALYSE & EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
Command Words
Access | Gathering opinions to make a judgement |
Analyse | Break something down and examine |
Classify | Grouping based on characteristics |
Complete | Required to add information based on a stimulus/resource. This could be to complete a table, graph, chart or missing word/phrase from a sentence/statement |
Define | Definition of word/term |
Describe | Detailed description |
Discuss | Advantages & disadvantages |
Examine | Justified answer based on analysis |
Explain | Justified answer with linked reasoning |
Evaluate | Supported judgement in relation to question context e.g. sport or sports performer in question |
Give | Generally involves the recall of a fact, or an example based on the given stimulus. |
Identify | Can require a selection from a given stimulus or resource |
Justify | Give reasons for your answers |
Label | Requires addition of named structures or features to a diagram |
Predict | Predict what is likely to happen in the future |
Select | Requires a choice based on an evaluation of information from a given stimulus/resource |
State | Recall facts |
Using an Example | Often used with explain or describe, where an example is required to exemplify the point(s) being made |
Which | Mainly used in multiple-choice questions where a selection from a set of options is required |
The meaning of key words which will be in exam questions can be found at the back of you pop quiz booklets
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
A01 – What components of fitness are being tested?
A02 – Can the stations be linked to components of fitness and testing that are suitable/relevant to canoeist?
AO3 – Are these tests the most suitable? Positives? Negatives? Other tests more suitable?
Q) To do well in competition, canoeists need good strength, flexibility and speed.
Evaluate the suitability of using the fitness tests shown in table 1 to assess the fitness of canoeists for their sport
9 Markers – Mark Scheme��Q) Evaluate the suitability of using the fitness tests shown in table 1 to assess the fitness of canoeists for their sport ����
Principles of Training
Successful athletes do not just train hard, they also train effectively; they apply the principles of training.
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Individual Needs
“Matching training to the requirements of an individual”
Eg. A beginner runner would not use a marathon runners PEP.
Specificity
Matching training to the requirements of an activity”
Eg. Sprinter – power not agility
Reversibility
“Gradually losing fitness instead of progressing or remaining at the current level.”
EG. Illness or injury.
Principles of Training
FIRST-OP
Overtraining
“Training beyond your ability to recover.”
Eg. Too much progressive overload without adequate rest and recovery, can cause injury and illness.
Thresholds of Training
“Your target zone you aim to work within depends upon the intensity of your activity or the aim of your training programme
F.I.T.T | Example | How the FITT Principles Overlaps with Principles of Training (FIRST_OP) |
Frequency | How often training takes place. EG.
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Intensity | How hard the exercise is. EG.
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Time | The length of the session or of a particular exercise. EG.
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Type | The method of training used EG.
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When you train, adaptations occur to your body.
EG. You will get bigger biceps if you progressively overload your biceps during training.
You need rest and recovery for this to occur.
Rest & Recovery
Thresholds of Training
Anaerobic Zone 80-90% of MHR - improve your speed or power
Aerobic Zone 60-80% of MHR - improve cardiovascular fitness or muscular endurance
Fat Burn Zone 50-60% of MHR - to burn fat you would need to train at 50-60% of MHR. This will give time to burn through carbohydrate stores before starting to use fat as an energy source
Your target zone is the range you want your heart rate to be as you exercise to ensure it is effective & safe
To work out your target zone you can use a simplified version of the Karvonen formula.
Maximal Heart Rate (MHR) 220 – Age
+90% = Damage to Fitness & Injury
Under 50% = No Impact
Clare is 16 and Tom is 40. They both want to improve their cardiovascular fitness for the London marathon.
Name | MHR | 60% | 80% |
Clare | | | |
Tom | | | |
Name | Phoebe | James |
Gender | Female | Male |
Age | 15 | 54 |
Sport | Hockey | Long distance running |
Maximum Heart Rate | 205bpm | 166bpm |
Aerobic Training Zone | 123bpm – 164bpm | 100bpm – 133bpm |
Training | Trains twice a week 1 match per week | 6 runs per week Average 6 miles per run |
Injuries/Illness | No injury Asthma | Knee injury |
Exam Questions
Pop Quiz
Methods of training
When choosing the right method of training you need to consider:
Intense Farting Can Cause Painful Wind
Methods of Training
Interval
Fartlek
Circuit
Continuous
Plyometrics
Weight/resistance
Cardiovascular Fitness | ||
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
Continuous Exercising for extended period of time (25 mins +) without rest. E.G jogging, running, swimming, cycling or rowing. |
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Interval High intensity exercise followed by rest or active recovery. Exercise – working anaerobically (80-90%). Rest/active recovery – working aerobically (60-80%).. Develops both speed and cardiovascular fitness |
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Fartlek Swedish for “speed play” and is a form of interval training. No rest periods just changes in intensity and/or terrain. E.G 60 second jog, 10 second sprint, 30 second walk and so on. Most suitable for games players. (football/rugby/netball) |
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Muscular Strength and Muscular Endurance | ||
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
Weight/Resistance training Strength - low repetitions using heavier weights Muscular endurance - High repetitions using lighter weights Free weights (dumbbells) - Experienced performer, greater range of movement, activates core & stabilising muscles. Higher risk of injury! Resistance machines = Beginners, promotes good technique providing stability and control. Work bigger muscles groups first (back, chest legs) as they will need more energy |
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Circuit Different exercises called stations, which are completed a set number of repetition or times Can Improve strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular fitness or sports specific skills |
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Power | ||
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
Plyometrics Before you do plyometric training you need to develop your strength and speed to avoid injury Plyometric exercise are quick, powerful, high impact movements using bounding and jumping to quickly lengthen (on landing) and shorten (when jumping) the muscles Increases power of muscles most forceful contractions E.G Jumping and throwing events |
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5 Fitness Classes (Use Videos)
Fitness Classes | ||
| Advantages | Disadvantages |
Body Pump = Exercise to music using low weights with many repetitions at moderate to high intensity to develop muscular endurance and strength Aerobics = Aerobic exercise to music, covering a variety of exercises for 30 – 60 minutes to develop cardiovascular fitness Pilates = A series of core stability exercises using resistance to focus on the quality of the exercise rather than the quantity. It focuses on correct breathing, relaxation and stress reduction. Develops strength, flexibility and balance Yoga = A series of postures and poses. Breathing, relaxation phase and meditation to boost wellbeing. Develops strength, balance and flexibility Spinning = High intensity work out on stationary bikes with changes of pace throughout. Develops muscular and cardiovascular endurance |
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Personal Exercise Programme
A well designed & completed PEP can develop your health & fitness
Using the correct methods and principles of training will increase your fitness and therefore improve all areas of health
To do this a PEP requires these four areas:
1. Planning (aims and design)
Using the correct method of training for your needs
2. Developing
Providing progressive overload
3. Monitoring
Working in correct training zone& tracking fitness/performance data
4. Evaluating
Changing your aim if it is met or adapting training if it is not being met
Exam Questions
Exam Questions
9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance 9 marker
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNOWLEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) ANALYSE & EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
Command Words
Access | Gathering opinions to make a judgement |
Analyse | Break something down and examine |
Classify | Grouping based on characteristics |
Complete | Required to add information based on a stimulus/resource. This could be to complete a table, graph, chart or missing word/phrase from a sentence/statement |
Define | Definition of word/term |
Describe | Detailed description |
Discuss | Advantages & disadvantages |
Examine | Justified answer based on analysis |
Explain | Justified answer with linked reasoning |
Evaluate | Supported judgement in relation to question context e.g. sport or sports performer in question |
Give | Generally involves the recall of a fact, or an example based on the given stimulus. |
Identify | Can require a selection from a given stimulus or resource |
Justify | Give reasons for your answers |
Label | Requires addition of named structures or features to a diagram |
Predict | Predict what is likely to happen in the future |
Select | Requires a choice based on an evaluation of information from a given stimulus/resource |
State | Recall facts |
Using an Example | Often used with explain or describe, where an example is required to exemplify the point(s) being made |
Which | Mainly used in multiple-choice questions where a selection from a set of options is required |
The meaning of key words which will be in exam questions can be found at the back of you pop quiz booklets
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
A01 – Explain the training methods
A02 – Which relevant components of fitness would these methods improve? Impact on sprinting performance?
AO3 – Rank in order of relevance for a sprinter & justify? Any other methods more suitable and why?
Q) Eric is a 100m sprinter. He trains regularly using fartlek, plyometric and interval training, Evaluate the likely effects of these training methods on Erics fitness for sprinting and his sprinting performance
9 Markers – Mark Scheme���
Optimising Training and Preventing Injury
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Pop Quiz
Preventing Injury
PAR-Q: Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
Self screening tool used before starting a training programme.
Types of Questions on PAR-Q:
Reasons to complete a PAR-Q:
Injury Prevention through Personal Readiness
Types of Injuries
Pop Quiz
5 Hard Tissue Injuries
(Bone, Ligament, Cartilage)
Dislocation�Bones are dislocated at a joint
A dislocation is when a bone at a joint is forced out of its normal position, often as a result of a hard blow which causes the bones to be displaced.
E.g. a dislocated shoulder is when the bone in the upper arm comes away from the shoulder socket.
Symptoms include:
Treatment: RICE as a temporary measure. But it is essential to seek medical attention as soon as possible
Fractures �A fracture is a broken bone �
Simple (Closed): Broken bone does not penetrate the skin
Compound (Open): Bone penetrates the skin
Stress: Small crack forms in the bone - commonly caused through overuse.
Greenstick: Bone bends one side & breaks on other - common in young children
Symptoms include:
Treatment: You must seek medical attention immediately.
Closed Open
Greenstick
Stress
Sprain �An injury at a joint where some of the fibres of the ligaments are torn
A sprain happens when the ligament is stretched too much or tears
EG. Forceful twisting or overstretching the joint - sudden change of direction to dodge an opponent in netball could cause a sprain
Symptoms include:
Treatment: RICE
Torn Cartilage �An injury at a joint where small tears appear in the cartilage
Cartilage is a firm elastic substance which lines adjoining bones. It absorbs the impact of bones with reducing friction. Tearing your cartilage, especially your knee cartilage is a common injury.
EG: Forceful twisting Sudden impact/stopping - Football studs caught in ground when turning
Symptoms:
Treatment: Seek medical attention and then rest and strengthening exercises
Concussion �‘The sudden but short-lived loss of mental function that occurs after a blow or other injury to the head’ (NHS) �
Concussion is a mild head/brain injury. It is caused by a blow to the head or by whiplash (sudden and severe movement of the head) shaking the brain inside the skull.
Symptoms:
EG: Rugby, where there can be a clash of heads or a sudden impact with the ground
EG: Cycling, where falling off the bike may lead to a bang on the head
Treatment: Concussion is the least serious type of brain injury but it could be masking something more serious like a bleed on the brain or swelling on the brain. An athlete should always seek medical help after receiving a blow to the head
4 Soft Tissue Injuries
(Muscle, Tendons, Skin)
The muscle or tendon is stretched too much or tears.
Strains occur due to overstretching. Completing a warm up can help to reduce the chance of strains occurring
EG: Netballer straining their hamstring as a result of not warming & stretching the muscle become a game
Symptoms:
Treatment: RICE
Strain
Tennis/Golfers Elbow & Abrasions
Tennis Elbow is a joint injury where the tendons are inflamed. Pain is felt on the OUTSIDE of the elbow.
Can be caused by poor technique or overuse. E.g. repetitive use when playing a backhand in tennis can damage the tendons resulting in tennis elbow
Golfers Elbow is a joint injury where tendons are inflamed. Pain is felt on the INSIDE of the elbow.
Can be caused by poor technique or overuse. E.g. excessive practice of a particular shot on a driving range without appropriate rest
Treatment for tennis and golfers elbow: RICE
Abrasions are minor injuries to the skin such as a graze or a cut. Little or no bleeding
EG: Frictions burn after a slide tackle on 3G a pitch
Treatment: Cleaned and covered with a sterile dressing
RICE
Rest Stop playing
Ice Use an ice pack and apply pressure to the injury
Compression Use pressure to hold to ice pack in place to limit swelling and provide some pain relief
Elevation Raise the injury above the heart if possible
Questions:
Which one of the following is a soft tissue injury (1 mark)
A. Compound fracture
B. Greenstick fracture
C. Stress fracture
D. Strain
2. Define the term abrasion and give an example of how it can occur in sport (2 marks)
3. Identify one potential cause of golfers elbow. (1 mark)
Exam Questions
Effective use of Warm-Up & Cool-Down
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3 Stages of an Exercise Session
5 Reasons why we Warm-Up
1. Increases the temperature of muscles, tendons & ligaments – reduces chance of injury
2. Increases heart rate and body temperature safely - reduces chance of injury
3. Increase flexibility – aids performance
4. Psychologically prepares you for exercise – aids performance
5. Increases oxygen delivery to working muscles – aids performance
Warm-up Main Activity Cool-Down
3 Stages of a Warm-Up
Cardiovascular Phase Stretches (8-10 secs) & Joint Mobilisation Skills/Psychological
3 Stages of a Cool-Down
6 Reasons why we Cool-Down?
Cardiovascular Phase 10-15 mins Stretching (30-35 secs) 10-15 mins Relaxation phase
Exam Questions
Performance Enhancing Drugs
Pop Quiz
PEDs Pop Quiz
PEDs Pop Quiz
Why athletes risk Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)? �3 Pressures
What are the Consequences of taking PED’s?
Performance Enhancing Drugs
Drug Cheats
Russian State Doping Scandal
Icarus (Netflix) https://www.netflix.com/search?q=incarus&jbv=80168079
WADA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsTYYGELvFc
Beta Blockers �Drugs that are used to control the heart rate and have a calming and relaxing effect
Diuretics �Drugs that elevate the rate of urine production.
Anabolic Steroids�Drugs that mimic the male sex hormone testosterone and promote bone and muscle growth.�
Stimulants �Drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, such as increased mental and/or physical alertness.��
Narcotic Analgesics �Narcotics: Drugs that affect mood or behavior, including drowsiness and relieving pain.�Analgesics: A painkilling or pain relieving drug.���
��Peptide Hormones - HGH & EPO�Peptide hormones are found naturally in the human body. They increase muscle growth and increase the red blood cell count
Blood Doping
Exam Questions
Fitness/Methods/Principles Quiz
Injuries and PED
Knowledge Quiz - CV and RS
Draw all 3 levers
Name the lever with a mech disadvantage
Which movement happens in frontal plane
What is a sporting example for a movement in vertical axis
What plane goes with which axis
Name a sporting example of a 3rd class lever
Name a sporting exAMPLE of a 2nd class lever
3 difference fitness classes
Test for agility
What is coordination
What is performance
What is weight training - how would you change
FIRSTOP
What HRE component of fitness (5)
SRE components (6)
List of methods of training (6)
What component of fitness does VJ measure
Name + - of continuous training
What is the saying for remembering PEDs
Which of the drugs has two reasons you would take and what are they
What do anabolic steroids do?
Which sorts of athletes would take narcotic analgesics
What is the role of beta blockers and give an example of an athlete that would take them and why
What is EPO
What is the banned process and explain procedure