Period 6

1865-1898

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Updated August 2023

ChatGPT-Enhanced Version

ppaccone@smusd.us

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Eighteen (18) Forty-Five Minute Class Periods

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This slideshow has been produced by San Marino High School AP US History teacher Peter Paccone primarily for the benefit of AP US History teachers wanting to present this slideshow in class.

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This slideshow may however also prove of benefit for AP US History teachers wanting to flip the learning AND for members of the general public wanting to learn more about the history of the U.S. from 1866-1898.

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1865 = the end of the Civil War

1898 = the Spanish American War

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This slideshow is organized along the lines of what College Board calls the AP US History Key Concepts and it uses media that are in the public domain. As photographs of actual objects and events are often not available, various images found online (including works of art) are used to support and/or illustrate the claims made in the Key Concepts. No graphic violence is shown. No political agenda is intended. Works of art may lack historical accuracy. Any/all AP US History teachers - feel free to make a copy of this slideshow and edit as you wish.

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1865-1898

The end of the Civil War . . . the Spanish American War. In essence, P6 covers what is called the Gilded Age (1870-1900)

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The Gilded Age (1870’s-1900)

• Its beginning, in the years after the American Civil War, overlaps the Reconstruction Era (which ended in 1877) and was followed in the 1890s by the Progressive Era.
• An era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West.
• Railroads were the major growth industry, with the factory system, mining, and finance increasing in importance.
• Yet it was also an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding.

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• Captivating History: The Gilded Age Described in 12 minutes
• Crash Course: The Gilded Age
• Mr. Betts: The Gilded Age in Ten Minutes
• Khan Academy: The Gilded Age: Part I
• Khan Academy: The Gilded Age: Part 2
• Untold Edu: The Gilded Age
• The Gilded Age: Bill of Rights Institutute
• The Gilded Age: Berkeley US History

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Topic 6.2

Westward Expansion: Economic Development

6.1 - Section II (B)

Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organizations

• Southern Farmers’ Alliance (1875)
• National Farmers’ Alliance (1877)
• Colored Farmers’ Alliance (1886)

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6.1 - Section II (A)

Improvements in mechanization helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices

• Mechanical reaper (a semi-automated device that harvests crops. Invented in 1st IR
• Mechanical combine (a more efficient way to harvest crops - replaced the reaper)

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Farmers Alliance (1875)

• An organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers
• Included several other organizations — the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union among the white farmers of the South, the National Farmers' Alliance among the white and black farmers of the Midwest and High Plains, where the Granger movement had been strong, and the Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union, consisting of the African American farmers of the South.
• One of the goals of the organization - to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the Civil War.

• The Alliance also generally supported the government regulation of the transportation industry, establishment of an income tax in order to restrict speculative profits, and the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation's money supply as a means of easing the burden of repayment of loans by debtors.
• The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists.

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The Colored Farmers Alliance

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TheoB

1:46

KC 6.1 - Section I (A)

Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America.

• Subsidies
• Federal funded transatlantic telegraph cable (1858)
• Federal funded transcontinental railroads (1863-1869)

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First TransAtlantic Cable

• Laid across the floor of the Atlantic from Telegraph Field, Foilhommerum Bay, Valentia Island in western Ireland to Heart's Content in eastern Newfoundland.
• Reduced the communication time between North America and Europe from ten days—the time it took to deliver a message by ship—to a matter of minutes.

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The Pacific Railway Act

• A series of acts of Congress that supported the construction of a "transcontinental railroad.
• Authorizing the issuing of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies (aka (subsidies).

KC 6.1 - Section I (B)

The building of the transcontinental railroad, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centers of commercial activity.

• Cowtown
• Boomtowns�

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Cowtowns

• Midwestern frontier settlements that catered to the cattle industry.
• Found at the junctions of railroads and livestock trails.
• The economies of these towns were heavily dependent on the seasonal cattle drives from Texas, which brought the cowboys and the cattle that these towns relied upon.
• These towns were the destination of the cattle drives, the place where the cattle would be bought and shipped off to urban meatpackers, midwestern cattle feeders, or to ranchers on the central or northern plains.

• Cow towns were made famous by popular accounts of rowdy cowboys and outlaws who were kept under control by local lawmen, but those depictions were mostly exaggeration and myth.
• Below are some of the more famous cowtowns
• Cheyenne, Wyoming
• Abilene, Texas
• Denver, Colorado
• Dodge City, Kansas
• Ellsworth, Kansas
• The next slide shows where in America these cow towns are located, with Dodge City, Kansas the “queen of the cow towns.”

Dodge City

Queen of the

Cow Towns

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Insights in History

7:06

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History of Chicago and the Meat Packing Industry

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I Am Angus

Part 1

2:15

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History of Chicago and the Meat Packing Industry

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I Am Angus

Part 2

2:15

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The Trail That Changed Texas

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Texas Historical Commision

Student-Produced Video

3:10

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Barbed Wire

The Simple Invention That Ended the West

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Texas Historical Commision

4:26

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Boomtowns

• A community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch.
• The growth is normally attributed to the nearby discovery of a precious resource such as gold, silver, or oil.
• The California Gold Rush stimulated numerous boomtowns.
• In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, boomtowns called mill towns would quickly arise due to sudden expansions in the timber industry; they tended to last the decade or so it took to clearcut nearby forests.
• Boomtowns often decrease in size as fast as they initially grew.

Examples of famous boomtown 1860’s-1900

• Basic City, Virginia, railroads and mining, 1880s-1900s
• Belleville, California, gold-mining boomtown, 1860-1870
• Bodie, California, gold-mining boomtown, 1876-1886
• La Paz, Arizona, gold-mining boomtown, 1862-1864
• Minneapolis, Minnesota Lumber Industry 1852-1880
• Virginia City, Nevada, silver-mining boomtown, 1860s
• Butte, Montana,copper mining boomtown (1870-early 1900’s

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Boom Towns

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Cole Harriman

Student-Produced Video

3:05

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Topic 6.3

Westward Expansion: Social and Cultural Development

KC 6.2 - Section II (B)�In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching.

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• Jews and their migration westwast
• Italians and their migration westward
• The irish and Chinese who worked on the transcontinental railroad

Jews and their Migration Westward

Just like their non Jewish counterparts, Jewish men and women were lured to western boomtowns, traveling by buckboard, stagecoach, horseback, and prairie schooner through Indian country to new settlements in the Black Hills of South Dakota, the deserts of the Southwest, and the gold fields of California with the hope of striking it rich, or at the very least, the possibility of a new life for themselves and their families. One western “boomtown” that Jews moved to in particular - San Francisco. Also Wichita, Kansas

Italians and their Migration Westward

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The destinations of many Italian immigrants were not only the large cities of the East Coast, but also more remote regions of the country, such as Arkansas and California. The Italian laborers who went to these areas were in many cases later joined by wives and children, which resulted in the establishment of permanent Italian American settlements in diverse parts of the country. Tontitown, Arkansas, for example, was founded by Italian settlers in 1898.

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1863-1869

How 20,000 Chinese Immigrants Made it Happen

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History Article

Click here to read.

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Japanese Immigration to the US in the Late 1800’s

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Justin Chan

Joshua Hom

Neven Husson

Student-Produced

Adam Norris Knock-Off Video

4:00

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KC 6.2 - Section II (C)�As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict

• The decimation of the American bison population
• Native American attacks on the American settler
• The Las Gorras Blancas (of the 1880’s and 1890’s)�

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The Railroad, Westward Movement and the Native American

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Adam Norris

4:55

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The Decimation of the Buffalo

Pre-European Contact�Central to Life: Before European contact, Native American tribes across the Great Plains and other regions relied heavily on the buffalo. It was a cornerstone of their existence, providing food, clothing, shelter, and tools. The buffalo's importance transcended physical use; it was deeply woven into the spiritual and cultural fabric of these societies.

�European Arrival and Westward Expansion

Initially, European settlers and Native Americans coexisted, with some tribes engaging in trade that occasionally included buffalo hides and meat.

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hanging Dynamics: As more settlers arrived and moved westward, the dynamics began to change. The demand for buffalo hides and meat increased, and with the introduction of more efficient hunting methods, including firearms, the rate of buffalo hunting began to escalate.�

19th Century: Era of Devastation

The industrial-scale hunting of buffalo, particularly in the late 19th century, led to their near extinction. This was not only due to commercial hunting (for hides and meat) but also as a strategic move by the U.S. government to weaken Native American tribes, particularly those on the Plains, by cutting off their primary food source and way of life.

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The decimation of buffalo herds had a catastrophic impact on Native American

tribes. It led to starvation, economic hardship, and a profound cultural loss. The nomadic lifestyle following the herds became impossible for many, forcing tribes onto reservations and fundamentally altering their way of life.

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Violent Attacks in the West

Between 1865 and 1898, the American West was a region of intense conflict and violence, often involving Native American tribes and white settlers, miners, and government forces. This period, following the Civil War, was marked by westward expansion as settlers moved into territories traditionally inhabited by Native American tribes. Here are three notable and violent conflicts from this era:

The Sand Creek Massacre (1864)�While this event occurred slightly before your specified timeframe, it's a critical incident in the context of Native American and white relations during this era.

Background: Tensions and violence were escalating between Native American tribes and white settlers in Colorado Territory. The Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes were pushed into a corner due to broken treaties and encroaching settlers.

Event: On November 29, 1864, a Colorado Territory militia, led by Colonel John Chivington, attacked a peaceful village of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek. Despite the tribes' efforts to signal their peaceful intentions, the militia launched a brutal and unprovoked attack.

Aftermath: Approximately 150 Native Americans, mostly women, children, and the elderly, were killed. The Sand Creek Massacre intensified Native American resistance and became a symbol of the treacherous and violent treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government and settlers.

The Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)�Also known as Custer's Last Stand, this is one of the most famous conflicts between Native American tribes and the U.S. Army.

Background: The discovery of gold in the Black Hills, a region sacred to the Lakota Sioux, led to an influx of miners, violating previous treaty agreements. The U.S. government ordered all Native Americans to relocate to reservations, a demand that many tribes resisted.

Event: On June 25, 1876, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led the 7th Cavalry Regiment against a coalition of Native American tribes, including the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory. The Native American forces, led by leaders like Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, overwhelmed and defeated Custer's troops.

Aftermath: The U.S. public was shocked by the defeat, and the battle led to a strong military response. Within a year, many of the Native American leaders had surrendered, and their people were forced onto reservations.

The Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)�This event is often cited as the end of the Indian Wars and symbolizes the tragic culmination of the conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. government.

Background: The Ghost Dance movement, a spiritual movement that emerged among Native American tribes, promised the restoration of the Native way of life and the disappearance of white people. The U.S. government viewed this movement as a threat.

Event: On December 29, 1890, the U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry Regiment

surrounded a Lakota camp near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. A shot was fired under unclear circumstances, leading to a chaotic and violent engagement. The soldiers opened fire with heavy weaponry, killing over 150 of the Lakota, many of whom were women and children.

Aftermath: The Wounded Knee Massacre was widely condemned, but also marked a significant decline in armed Native American resistance. It symbolized the crushing defeat and subjugation of Native American tribes during this period of American history.

These events are remembered as dark and tragic chapters in American history, reflecting the complex and often violent interactions between Native American tribes and the expanding United States. They represent the culmination of years of broken treaties, cultural misunderstandings, and conflicts over land and resources.

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KC 6.2 - Section II (D)�The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty.

• The Treaty of Fort Laramie
• The Great Sioux War and the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)
• The Dawes Act and the Reservation System

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The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

An agreement between the United States and the Lakota Sioiux, following the failure of the first Fort Laramie treaty, signed in 1851.

The treaty is divided into 17 articles. It established the Great Sioux Reservation including ownership of the Black Hills, and set aside additional lands as "unceded Indian territory" in the areas of South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska, and possibly Montana.

• It established that the US government would hold authority to punish not only white settlers who committed crimes against the tribes but also tribe members who committed crimes and were to be delivered to the government, rather than to face charges in tribal courts.

• It stipulated that the government would abandon forts along the Bozeman Trail and included a number of provisions designed to encourage a transition to farming and to move the tribes "closer to the white man's way of life."

Animosities over the agreement arose quickly, with neither side fully honoring the terms. Open war again broke out in 1876, and the US government unilaterally annexed native land protected under the treaty in 1877.

The treaty formed the basis of the 1980 Supreme Court case, United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, in which the court ruled that tribal lands covered under the treaty had been taken illegally by the US government, and the tribe was owed compensation plus interest. As of 2018 this amounted to more than $1 billion. The Sioux refused the payment, having demanded instead the return of their land which wouldn't be possible to contest if the monetary compensation was accepted.

The Great Sioux War

• Also known as the Black Hills War
• A series of battles and negotiations which occurred in 1876 and 1877 between the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and the United States.
• The cause of the war was the desire of the U.S. government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills, settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands, and the Sioux and Cheyenne refused to cede ownership to the U.S.
• Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn, often known as Custer's Last Stand

The Black Hills

South Dakota

Bighorn

Montana

Sioux

Reservation

The Black Hills

of South Dakota

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South Dakota Tourism

3:13

1876

The Great Sioux War

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CRF-BRIA

Click here to read

The Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)

• Commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army.
• The battle, which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876.
• The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Native Americans, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull.

• Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew and a brother-in-law.
• The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including six Indian scouts.
• Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle.

The Black Hills, South Dakota

• A small and isolated mountain range rising from the Great Plains in western South Dakota and extending into Wyoming,
• Covered in trees.
• Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills.
• After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota stole the territory of the Black Hills, which became central to their culture.
• In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty, establishing the Great Sioux Reservation west of the Missouri River, and exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever.

• However, when settlers discovered gold there in 1874, as a result of George Armstrong Custer's Black Hills Expedition, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government took back the Black Hills and in 1889 reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to five smaller reservations in western South Dakota, selling off 9 million acres of their former land. Miners then flocked there from earlier gold boom locations in Colorado and Montana.
• The conflict over control of the region sparked the Black Hills War, the last major Indian War on the Great Plains.
• Following the defeat of the Lakota and their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies in 1876, the United States took control of the Black Hills.

• The Lakota never accepted the validity of the US appropriation. They have continued to try to reclaim the property and filed a suit against the federal government.
• In 1980, in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Black Hills were illegally taken by the federal government and ordered remuneration of the initial offering price plus interest, nearly $106 million. The Lakota refused the settlement, as they wanted the Black Hills returned to them. The money remains in an interest-bearing account, which, as of 2015, amounts to over $1.2 billion, but the Lakota still refuses to take the money. They believe that accepting the settlement would allow the US government to justify taking ownership of the Black Hills.

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1876

The Battle of

Little Bighorn

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History

4:08

1876

The Battle of

Little Bighorn

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Allain Phung

Enzo Repetto

Student-Produced Lego Stop

Animation Video

4:39

1876

Custer’s Last Stand

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CBS Sunday Morning

7:44

The Reservation System

And the Dawes Act

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Khan Academy

Click here to read

1890

THe Wounded Knee Massacre

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Native American History

7:39

2011

Why the Sioux

Are Refusing

$1.3 Billion

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PBS NewsHour

7:39

6.1 - Section II (D)

Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.

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Topic 6.4

The New South

6.1 - Section II (D)

Despite the industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy — a change promoted by Southern leaders who called for a “New South” — agriculture based on sharecropping and tenant farming continued to be the primary economic activity in the South

• New South
• Sharecropping and tenant farming

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New South

• Refers to the South’s post-Reconstruction economic shift from an exclusively agrarian society to one that embraced industrial development.
• A modernization of society and attitudes, to integrate more fully with the United States, and reject the economy and traditions of the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system of the antebellum period.

KC 6.3 - Section II (C)�The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson that upheld racial segregation helped to mark the end of most of the political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction. Facing increased violence, discrimination, and scientific theories of race, African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality.

• Political gains African Americans made during Reconstruction
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• African American reformers continued to fight for political and social equality.
• Booker T. Washington’s Atlanta Compromise (1895): Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law. Blacks would not focus their demands on equality, integration, or justice, and Northern whites would fund black educational charities
• Ida Wells-Barnett’s anti-lynching crusade
• National Association of Colored Women (1896)

Blacks During Reconstruction

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CBS News

6:40

The First Vote

The First Black

Senator and Representatives

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the court interpreted the meaning of 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause
• Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation (Jim Crow) laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".
• Legitimized the many state laws re-establishing racial segregation that had been passed in the American South after the end of the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877).
• One of the worst decisions in U.S. Supreme Court history.

Jim Crow Laws

• State and local laws that mandated racial segregation in the Southern United States.
• Enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period
• Upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson.

The 14th Amendment EPC

[No] state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws".

1896

Plessy v. Ferguson

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Sound Smart

2:06

“Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law…The law regards man as man, and takes no account of his surroundings or of his color when his civil rights as guaranteed by the supreme law of the land are involved. It is therefore to be regretted that this high tribunal…has reached the conclusion that it is competent for a State to regulate the enjoyment by citizens of their civil rights solely upon the basis of race.”

• Dissenting opinion, Justice Harlan, 1896

Topic 6.5

Technological Innovation

KC 6.1 - Section I (B)

Businesses made use of technological innovations and greater access to natural resources to dramatically increase the production of goods.

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Between 1865 and 1898, businesses leveraged technological innovations and greater access to natural resources to dramatically increase the production of goods. Advancements such as

• The Bessemer process in steel production, which drastically reduced costs and accelerated the manufacturing of steel, essential for the construction of skyscrapers and railroads.
• The advent of oil drilling, notably Edwin Drake's successful oil well in 1859, catalyzed the petroleum industry, leading to the widespread use of kerosene and the development of the internal combustion engine, fundamentally changing transportation and machinery.
• The introduction of electricity transformed manufacturing, enabling more efficient and prolonged factory operations.
• The expansion of the railroad network facilitated the efficient movement of raw materials and finished goods nationwide.

Topic 6.6

The Rise of Industrial Capitalism

KC 6.1 - Section I�Large-scale industrial production— accompanied by massive technological change, expanding international communication networks, and pro-growth government policies—generated rapid economic development and business consolidation (aka America’s 2nd Industrial Revolution)

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The Second Industrial Revolution: 1865-1914�

In the United States the industrial revolution came in two waves. The First Industrial Revolution first saw the rise of factories and mechanized production in the late 1700s and early 1800s and included steam-powered spinning and weaving machines, the cotton gin, steamboats, interchangeable parts, locomotives, and the telegraph. The Second Industrial Revolution took off following the Civil War with the introduction of assembly-line production, new technologies, including the telephone, automobile, electrification of homes and businesses, and more.

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The Rise of Industrial Capitalism

The word capitalism refers to an economic and social system in which trade, industry and capital are privately controlled and operated for a profit. This is the dominant economic system in the United States and the developed world. AKA an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

The word industrial relates to or is characterized by industry. An industry is an economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories.

KC 6.1 - Section I (B)

Businesses made use of redesigned financial and management structures, advances in marketing, and a growing labor force to dramatically increase the production of goods.

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1893

The Sears Mail Order Catalogue

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Olivia Kuhn

Student Produced

Tom Richey Knock-Off Video

4:42

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Macy’s

• An American department store chain founded in 1858 by Rowland Hussey Macy.
• Became the largest U.S. department store company by retail sales.
• Macy's conducts the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City since 1924 and sponsors the city's annual Fourth of July fireworks display since 1976. Macy's Herald Square is one of the largest department stores in the world. The flagship store covers almost an entire New York City block.

• The store used publicity devices such as a store Santa Claus, themed exhibits, and illuminated window displays to draw in customers.
• It also offered a money-back guarantee, although it accepted only cash into the 1950s.
• The store also produced its in-house made-to-measure clothing for both men and women, assembled in an on-site factory

KC 6.1 - Section I (D)

Many business leaders sought increased profits by consolidating corporations into large trusts and holding companies, which further concentrated wealth

• Consolidation
• Trusts and holding companies
• Vertical and horizontal integration
• John D. Rockefeller (oil)
• J.P. Morgan (banking)
• Andrew Carnegie (steel)
• Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)

Consolidation

In business, consolidation refers to the merger and acquisition of many smaller companies into a few much larger ones.

There are three forms of consolidation (only the first two needing to be known for APUSH)

• Vertical integration - the merging of business along the supply chain to. (Head, shoulders, knees and toes)
• Horizontal integration - the merging of business in the same industry. (Belly, belly, belly).
• Conglomeration - the combination of firms with unrelated and diverse products or services functions, or both

Used by

John D. Rockefeller

Trusts and Holding Companies

• The word trust “trusts” originally describes an arrangement for administering the affairs of a child or incompetent adult (beneficiary) by a person known as a trustee. A trustee is a person or party who acts on behalf of another or others, usually under the terms of a court order.
• In business, a trust is an arrangement under which stockholders in a company assign their shares to trustees, who have the voting power to guide the decision-making of that company.
• Sometimes led to major producers in an economic arena agreeing to

control production and prices to their mutual benefit (a monopoly, which is illegal). Instances included John D. Rockefeller`s oil trust, the barbed wire trust, the cash register rust, and the sugar trust, among others.

• Trusts came under increasing public criticism in the late 19th century and would become the subject of antitrust legislation. The state of New Jersey in 1889 enacted new corporation legislation, authorizing the use of the holding company to circumvent the discredited trust.
• A holding company is a commonly used structure in which one business acquires the ownership rights of another.

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How John D. Rockefeller Built the Standard Oil Company

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Business Casual

9:06

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How Did Andrew Carnegie Become the Richest Man in the World

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Business Casual

9:06

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6.1 - Section I (E)

Businesses increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America

• Purchase of Alaska (1867)
• Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

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1867

The Purchase of Alaska

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Smithsonian

2.32

1898

The Annexation of Hawaii

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CRF-BRIA

Click here to read

Topic 6.7

Labor in the Gilded Age

KC 6.1 - Section II�As the price of many goods decreased, workers’ real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans’ standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew.

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6.1 - Section II (C)

Labor and management battled over wages and working conditions, with local workers organizing local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders.

• Homestead Strike of 1892
• Pullman Strike of 1894

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The Homestead Strike (1892)

• An industrial lockout and strike which culminated in a battle between strikers and private security agents
• A pivotal event in U.S. labor history.
• Occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania
• Pitted the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company.
• Resulted in a major defeat for the union of strikers and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers.

The Homestead Strike

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History Channel

5:36

The Pullman Strike (1894)

• Pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Car Company, the main railroads, and the federal government.
• The Pullman Car Company, founded by George Pullman, manufactured railroad cars and the company’s workers lived in a planned worker community (or "company town") named Pullman, Chicago.
• The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Michigan.

• In response, President Grover Cleveland ordered in the Army to stop the strikers from obstructing the trains. Violence broke out in many cities, and the strike collapsed.
• The leader of the strikers was convicted of violating a court order and sentenced to prison; the ARU then dissolved.

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The Pullman Company Town

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cityofcicagotv

4:08

6.1 - Section II (B)

The industrial workforce expanded and child labor increased

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Child Labor in the Industrial

Revolution

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History

4:08

Topic 6.8

Immigration and Migration the Gilded Age

6.1 - Section II (B)

The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration

• International migration (New Immigrants AND Chinese immigrants)
• Internal migration (migrants moving from the farms to the cities in the north)
• Internal migration - Exodusters

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Exodusters (1879)

• Name given to as many as forty thousand African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas and Oklahoma in the late nineteenth century.
• First migration of black people following the Civil War.
• Received substantial organizational support from prominent figures.

The Exodusters and their 1879 Migration to Kansas

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Carolyn Holt / Lillianne Fisher

Student-Produced TED-Ed Lesson

2:50

New Immigrants

• A term from the late 1880s that came from the influx of Italian, Russian, and Jewish immigrants from southern and eastern Europe (areas that previously sent few immigrants).
• Italy and Russia = southern and eastern Europe

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New Immigrants

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Adam Norris

7:52

Ellis Island Immigrant Inspection Station

• Opened in 1892
• Located on Ellis Island, just minutes off the southern tip of Manhattan Island, New York
• Approximately 12 million immigrants passed through its main doors
• The first immigrant to arrive - Annie Moore, a 17-year-old girl from Ireland traveling with her two brothers to meet their parents in the U.S.
• On the first day, almost 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Over the next year, over 400,000 immigrants were processed at the station.

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• The processing procedure included a series of medical and mental inspection lines, and through this process, some 1% of potential immigrants were deported.
• With the passing of the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, the number of immigrants being allowed into the United States declined greatly, ending the era of mass immigration

Ellis Island

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History Channel

4:27

Italian Immigrants Arrive at Ellis Island

As Depicted in the Movie the Godfather

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Hola Soy Jay

3:45

Jewish Immigration to America 1880-1945

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Jourdan Marquez

Olivia Marquez�Lucy Liao�Student-Produced

Adam Norris Knock-Off Video

5:56

The Chinese Immigrants

The first Chinese in any real numbers arrived as miners in 1848. The port of entry - San Francisco, California. By then, the Chinese already had an established pattern of leaving China to work in other parts of the world. High taxes after the Opium Wars had forced many peasants and farmers off their land. Several years of floods and droughts led to economic desperation. Then merchant vessels brought news of Gam Saan, or gold mountain.

The majority of Chinese men who sailed to California were illiterate, but dreamed of new possibilities.

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One-fifth of the Population�Chinese miners tended to live in groups and work claims the Americans had abandoned. Initially, Americans found the newcomers -- with their wide hats and chopsticks -- peculiar and would visit Chinese camps for amusement. Then, in 1852, a year of serious crop failure in southern China, 20,026 Chinese flooded the San Francisco customs house. The previous year only 2,716 had arrived. By the end of the 1850s, Chinese immigrants made up one-fifth of the population of the four counties that constituted the Southern Mines.

Racism�One Yankee miner complained, "Chinamen are getting to be altogether too plentiful in this country."

Governor John Bigler voiced public sentiment when he suggested stemming the tide of Chinese immigration. A Chinese man responded with a letter to the Alta California, writing "The effects of your late message has been thus far to prejudice the public mind against my people, to enable those who wait the opportunity to hunt them down, and rob them of the rewards of their toil."

Robberies and Murders�In May 1852 the state imposed a Foreign Miners Tax, the second such tax on non-Americans in two years. This time, a levy of $3 per month was explicitly directed at the Chinese miners. And, as predicted, violence increased. The Alta California reported that 200 Chinese miners had been robbed and four murdered at Rich Gulch.

When miner Alfred Doten's camp was robbed, he blamed some convenient Chinese. "We visited our camp on the gulch and found it had been broken into so we went in and kicked up a row with the Chinese and told them we would shoot them if they stole any more."

No Longer Allowed to Testify�In 1854, in the case of People v. Hall, the California Supreme Court reversed the conviction of George Hall and two other white men who had murdered a Chinese man. Hall and his companions had been convicted based on testimony of some Chinese witnesses. In its reversal the court extended the California law that African Americans and Native Americans could not testify in court to include the Chinese. The reversal made it impossible to prosecute violence against Chinese immigrants.

Business and Servitude�Chinese men moved into other occupations, including the laundry business, domestic service and later railroad building. Only a few Chinese women came to the U.S. before 1880, but many of those who did served as prostitutes.

Rose-colored Glasses�When Chinese miners sent their gold home, their families quickly assumed a prominent new place. Women married to successful miners were called "gold mountain wives." As they built new houses, they were subject to gossip and envy. Rarely did stories about the hard work and the daily discrimination faced by Chinese in America find their way across the Pacific.

Significant Contributions�By 1870 there were 63,000 Chinese in U.S., 77% of whom were in California. That year, Chinese miners contributed more than $5 million to state's coffers through the Foreign Miners Tax, almost one quarter of state's revenue.

Anti-Chinese Sentiment�(see images on following slide)

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KC 6.2 - Section I (A)�As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and from southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions�

• Growth, cities, and immigration

Growth, Cities, and Immigration

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Crash Course

12:44

KC 6.2 - Section I (B)�Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers

• Little Italys across America
• Chinatowns across America

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Little Italys Across America

• Historically located in the "big cities" (New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Philadelphia, San Diego, and Chicago)
• Existed initially as enclaves that eased transition into the American culture.
• Strives essentially to have a version of the country of Italy placed in the middle of a large non-Italian city.
• People of the same culture settled together in certain areas.

Chinatowns Across America

• Most “Chinatowns” were formed in the 1800s.
• Historically located in the "big cities" (New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Chicago)
• Existed initially as enclaves that eased transition into the American culture.
• Earliest Chinatowns tended to be on the west coast; spurred by the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental railroad.
• Today, many urban Chinatowns are becoming visitor centers rather than serving as the ethnic enclaves they once were.

(with the New York City Chinatowns in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn on Long Island representing a stark exception to this trend, fueled by continuing robust levels of large-scale immigration from mainland China.

• 1840s–1860s – Many initial Chinatowns developed in the west spurred by the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental railroad, such as San Francisco's Chinatown.
• 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation opens up new opportunities for Chinese in the Southern United States
• 1860s, 1870s, 1880s – racial tensions, labor tensions, leads to incidents such as the Rock Springs Massacre

• 1882–1943 – Chinese Exclusion Act was in effect, banning Chinese immigration into the United States.
• 1943 – Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinatown populations start to rise again.
• 1970s – end of Vietnam War
• 2010s – Downturn of US. economy, China economy rises, causes reverse migration, and decay of Chinatowns

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San Francisco’s Chinatown as it Looked Over a Century Ago

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Michael Rogge

12:44

Topic 6.9

Responses to Immigration in the Gilded Age

KC 6.2 - Section I (C)�Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanization accompanied the growth of international migration. Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.

• Americanization and assimilation

Americanization and Assimilation

• The process by which an immigrant to the United States becomes a person who shares American values, beliefs, and customs by assimilating into American society.
• This process typically involves learning the English language and adjusting to American culture, values and customs.
• Similar to the word assimilation

KC 6.3 - Section I (A)�Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.

• Social Darwinism�

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Social Darwinism

• Refers to various theories of society which emerged in the 1870s,
• Claimed to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.
• Argued that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease.
• Declined in popularity following World War I and largely discredited by the end of World War II, partially due to its association with Nazism and growing scientific consensus that it was scientifically groundless.

Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism and American Laissez-faire capitalism

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CRF-BRIA

Click here to read

Herbert Spencer and the Survival of the Fittest

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Kourosh Hassibi

Grace Carter

Student-Produced

Adam Norris Knock-Off Video

4:18

KC 6.3 - Section II (B)�Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, promoting social and political reform, and, like Jane Addams, working in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.�

• Jane Addams and her work in the Hull House settlement house�

The Settlement Movement (1880’s-1920’s)

• Sought to bring the rich and the poor of society together in both physical proximity and social interconnectedness.
• Its main object was the establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbours.
• The settlement houses provided services such as daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas

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Topic 6.10

Jane Adams and the Settlement Movement

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NBC Learn

4:15

Hull

House

Herbert Spencer and the Survival of the Fittest

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Kourosh Hassibi

Grace Carter

Student-Produced

Adam Norris Knock-Off Video

4:18

Topic 6.10

Development of the Middle Class

KC 6.2 - Section I (E)�Corporations’ need for managers and for male and female clerical workers as well as increased access to educational institutions, fostered the growth of a distinctive middle class. A growing amount of leisure time also helped expand consumer culture

• The need for managers and clerical workers
• Increased access to education institutions
• The rise of leisure time activities

The Need for Managers and Clerical Workers

• Most residents of American during Period 6 worked demanding jobs for low wages, toiled in factories or sweatshops and returned at night to crowded and unsanitary housing. But the new era of industry and innovation didn’t only produce misery: as factories and commercial enterprises expanded, they required an army of bookkeepers, managers, and secretaries to keep business running smoothly.
• These new clerical jobs, which were open to women as well as men, fostered the growth of a middle class of educated office workers who spent their surplus income on a growing variety of consumer goods

. . .and leisure activities.

• Women’s smaller hands seemed ideal for operating typewriters and telephone switchboards, and their smaller paychecks (they were paid one third to one half of what men were paid) saved employers money. Nevertheless, women found new levels of freedom and independence as wage-earners. Credit: Khan Academy

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Increased Access to Educational Institutions

• In 1862, Congress passed the Morrill Land Grant Act, which gave federal lands for the purpose of building public universities.
• Higher education, once reserved for the children of the elite, was now open to a new class of young people. Women, as well as men, took advantage of new educational opportunities. At the end of the century, about 40 percent of college graduates were women. Credit: Khan Academy

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The Rise of Leisure Time Activities

• As their incomes rose, so too did the amount of leisure time activities tat middle and upper- class families could enjoy. For those who had time to play, cities offered many options. Theatre and vaudeville shows, amusement parks, circuses, dances, and sporting events drew excited crowds. Credit: Khan Academy

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The Barnum and Bailey Circus

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Nicole Chen

Isabella Chou

Karina Lee

Student Produced

Powtoon Video

4:42

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The Birth of Professional Baseball (1876)

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• The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, (NL), was established.
• The first official game took place in 1846 in Hoboken, New Jersey.
• The National League consisted of the Boston Red Stockings (now the Atlanta Braves), Chicago White Stockings (now the Chicago Cubs), Cincinnati Red Stockings, Hartford Dark Blues, Louisville Grays, Mutual of New York, Philadelphia Athletics and the St. Louis Brown Stockings.
• The American League (AL) was established in 1901
• The first World Series was held in 1903

Vaudeville

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• A theatrical genre of variety entertainment.
• Became popular in the early 1880s until the early 1930s.
• A typical performance was made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts.
• Types of acts - popular and classical musicians, singers, dancers, comedians, trained animals, magicians, ventriloquists, strongmen, female and male impersonators, acrobats, illustrated songs, jugglers, one-act plays or scenes from plays, athletes, lecturing celebrities, minstrels, and movies.

• Once called "the heart of American show business.”
• One of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades.

Vaudeville Acts

1890-1910

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gallopingalligator

Part I

9:54

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KC 6.3 - Section I�New cultural and intellectual movements both buttressed and challenged the social order of the Gilded Age.�

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KC 6.3 - Section I (B)� Some business leaders argued that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the less fortunate and improve society, as articulated in the idea known as the Gospel of Wealth, and they made philanthropic contributions that enhanced educational opportunities and urban environments

• Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1889)

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The Gospel of Wealth (1889)

• An article written by Andrew Carnegie
• Describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.
• Proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to utilize their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner. �This approach was contrasted with traditional bequest (patrimony), where wealth is handed down to heirs, and other forms of bequest e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes.

• Carnegie argued that surplus wealth is put to best use (i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to society) when it is administered carefully by the wealthy.
• Carnegie also argued against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance, irresponsible spending, or self-indulgence, instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor. As a result, the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages "the slothful, the drunken, the unworthy".
• At the age of 35, Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes.

• He was determined to be remembered for his good deeds rather than his wealth.
• He became a "radical" philanthropist.
• Prior to publishing his ideas about wealth, he began donating to his favorite causes, starting by donating a public bath to his hometown of Dunfermline. As Carnegie tried to live his life in a way that the poor could benefit from his wealth, he decided he needed to share his ideas with the public.

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Topic 6.11

Reform in the Gilded Age

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Topic 6.11

Reforms in the Gilded Age

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Heimler

6.15

KC 6.3 - Section II�A number of artists and critics, including agrarians, utopians, socialists, and advocates of the Social Gospel, championed alternative visions for the economy and U.S. society.

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The vast differences of wealth in the Gilded Age led contemporaries to wonder: was it possible to have a modern, industrial society without social inequality?

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• The Settlement house Movement

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The Social Gospel Movement

• The Social Gospel movement advocated that Christians work to improve the plight of the urban poor. As a result of this movement, charitable groups such as the Salvation Army and YMCA were created.
• Many artists and authors also began to use their platform to call for reform.

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KC 6.3 - Section II�Many women sought greater equality with men, often joining voluntary organizations, going to college, and promoting social and political reform

The Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

The Act required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates

It also prohibited special rates or rebates for individual shippers; prohibited "preference" in rates for any particular localities, shippers, or products; forbade long-haul/short-haul discrimination; prohibited pooling of traffic or markets; and most important, established a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission.

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The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Authorized federal action against any combination in the form of trusts or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade.

Coxey’s Army March (1893)

• A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by Ohio businessman Jacob Coxey.
• They marched on Washington, D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time.
• The first significant popular protest march on Washington, and the expression "Enough food to feed Coxey's Army" originates from this march.

1893

Coxeys Army March

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For the first twelve years of its existence, the Sherman Act was a paper tiger.

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United States courts routinely sided with business when any enforcement of the Act was attempted.

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For example, the American Sugar Refining Company controlled 98 percent of the sugar industry. Despite this virtual monopoly, the Supreme Court refused to dissolve the corporation in an 1895 ruling. The only time an organization was deemed in restraint of trade was when the court ruled against a labor union

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United States courts routinely sided with business when any enforcement of the Act was attempted.

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1890

Jacob Riis

How The

Other Half Lives

(1890)

1890

Jacob Riis

How The

Other Half Lives

(1890)

Topic 6.12

Controversies over the Role of Government in the Gilded Age

KC 6.1 - Section II (A)

Some argued that laissez-faire policies and competition promoted economic growth in the long run, and they opposed government intervention during economic downturns.

• Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism, and American Laissez-faire capitalism

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Laissez-faire

• An economic system in which transactions between private parties are absent any form of government intervention such as ,regulation privileges, imperialism, tariffs and subsidies
• Proponents of laissez-faire argue for a complete separation of government from the economic sector.
• Translates to "let [it/them] do", but in this context the phrase usually means to "let go"
• Started being practiced in the mid-18th century and was further popularized by Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations.

Social Darwinism

• Refers to various theories of society which emerged in the 1870s,
• Claimed to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.
• Argued that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease.
• Declined in popularity following World War I and largely discredited by the end of World War II, partially due to its association with Nazism and growing scientific consensus that it was scientifically groundless.

6.1 - Section I (E)

Foreign policymakers increasingly looked outside U.S. borders in an effort to gain greater influence and control over markets and natural resources in the Pacific Rim, Asia, and Latin America

• Purchase of Alaska (1867)
• Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

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Controversies Over the Role of Government

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Heimler

4:23

Topic 6.13

Politics in the Gilded Age

6.1 - Section II (C)

Economic instability inspired agrarian activists to create the People’s (Populist) Party, which called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the American economic system

• The People’s (Populist) Party

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The Populist Party (late 19th Century)

• An agrarian political party that emerged as an important force in the Southern United States and the Western United States
• Collapsed after it nominated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election.
• The roots of the Populist Party lay in the Farmers' Alliance, an agrarian movement that promoted collective economic action by farmers.
• The party called for collective bargaining and federal regulation of railroad rates,

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• Other Populist-endorsed measures included a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, a shorter workweek, restriction on immigration, public ownership of railroads and communication lines, and the establishment of a postal savings system.

Graduated income tax: One that imposes a higher tax rate the higher your income. For example, the first $10,000 that you earn might be taxed at a rate of 5 percent, the next $15,000 at 15 percent and any income above $25,000 would be taxed at 30 percent

Direct election of senators: Where voters elect their senators in the privacy of the voting booth as opposed to state legislatures, which was what the framers believed and which is how senators were elected at the time..

Postal savings system: Provided depositors who do not have access to banks a safe and convenient method to save money.

Shorter workweek; Eight hours per day, five days a week

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• OVERALL - the Populist Party sought to curb the influence of corporate and financial interests, empower small farmers and laborers, and pressure the government to take a greater role in regulating the American economic system.
• The goal of the Populists in 1892 was no less than that of replacing the Democrats as the nation's second party by forming an alliance of the farmers of the West and South with the industrial workers of the East
• After the 1896 presidential election, the Populist Party suffered a nationwide collapse.

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The Birth of the Populist Party

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Mr. Bacalles

2:22

The Populist Party

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Adam Norris

8:42

The Populist Party

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TheoB

1:46

What is Populism

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History

7:08

KC 6.3 - Section II (A)�The major political parties appealed to lingering divisions from the Civil War and contended over tariffs and currency issues, even as reformers argued that economic greed and self-interest had corrupted all levels of government.

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KC 6.2 - Section I (D)�In an urban atmosphere where the access to power was unequally distributed, political machines thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services.

• Political machines
• Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall Political Machine�

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Political Machine

• A political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts.
• The goal of the machine - to get out the vote for their candidates on election day.
• Machines sometimes have a political boss and often rely on patronage and the spoils system.

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Patronage: The support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another.

The spoils system: A practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends, and relatives as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a merit system, where offices are awarded on the basis of some measure of merit, independent of political activity. Also known as a patronage system.

Used in politics of the United States, where the federal government operated on a spoils system until the Pendleton Act was passed in 1883 due to a civil service reform movement. Largely replaced by a merit system.

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• Typically organized on a permanent basis instead of a single election or event.
• May have a pejorative sense referring to corrupt political machines.

Boss Tweed

• A politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State.
• Controlled political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and ensured the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects.
• Convicted for stealing $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption.

• Unable to make bail, he escaped from jail once, but was returned to custody.
• Died in jail.

The Story of

Boss Tweed

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BRI’s Homework

4:24

Boss Tweed

Thomas Nast

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Jim Keefe

9:17

Political Machines

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NBC Learn

1:54

Politics in the Middle Age

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Heimler

7:17