Contents
Lesson 1:
Lesson 2:
Lesson 3:
Lesson 4:
Lesson 5:
Lesson 6:
Lesson 7:
Lesson 8:
Lesson 9:
Lesson 10:
Lesson 11:
Answer Key: Slides 24 - 45
Definition a vast region encompassing land west of the Mississippi River, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains | Quote “Unlike the voluntary immigration of virtually all other inhabitants… the non-slave, non-Indian population of New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory became part of the American nation involuntarily, as a result of the high level actions of the French, American, and Spanish governments, rather than as a result of their own actions.”
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Illustration | Question |
Louisiana Territory
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My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
A-Z Guide
In the boxes, write words relating to or describing the topic listed below. Put the word in the box with the first letter of the word. Try to use as many letters as you can!
Topic: Expansion | ||
A: | B: | C: |
D: | E: | F: |
G: | H: | I: |
J: | K: | L: |
M: | N: | O: |
P: | Q: | R: |
S: | T: | U: |
V: | W: | X: |
Y: | Z: | |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a political approach promoting unity among different Indigenous groups in the Americas regardless of tribal distinctions and cultural differences | Quote “Until the end of the nineteenth century, Indian response to white encroachment was largely tribal but included some loose, regional, intertribal groupings with a Pan-Indian flavor.”
|
Characteristics/ Examples | Question |
Pan-Indianism
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
SCENARIO RESPONSE:
In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompts.
Why is it difficult for all six New England states to work together to save the Patriots? What could they do to overcome their differences and convince the NFL to keep the team in New England?
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
The Patriots Are in Trouble!
Imagine there’s a serious rumor that the New England Patriots are going to be moved to another state—like California. The only way to stop it is for all six New England states to work together and convince the NFL to keep the team in New England. But there’s a problem…
Definition a border between two countries; refers to the land past U.S. settlements to the west | Quote “The most significant thing about the American frontier is, that it lies at the hither edge of free land.”
|
Illustration | Question |
Frontier
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
QUOTE ANALYSIS:
In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompts.
What is one argument Turner is making about the frontier? What does that tell you about his perspective?
“... the frontier is the outer edge of the wave - the meeting point between savagery and civilization.”
“The frontier is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. The wilderness masters the colonist. It finds him a European in dress, industries, tools, modes of travel, and thought. It takes him from the railroad car and puts him in the birch canoe. It strips off the garments of civilization and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin… In short, at the frontier, the environment is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish…”
“At first, the frontier was the Atlantic coast.”
“In the course of the seventeenth century the frontier was advanced up the Atlantic river courses…”
“In the period of the Revolution the frontier crossed the Alleghenies into Kentucky and Tennessee, and the upper waters of the Ohio were settled.”
“From decade to decade distinct advances of the frontier occurred.”
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History, 1893.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a machine for separating cotton from its seeds | Quote “The machine… requires no other attendance than putting the Cotton into the hopper with a basket or fork, narrowing the hopper when necessary, and letting out the seeds after they are clean… If the machinery is moved by water… it will diminish the usual labor… At least forty nine fiftieths.”
|
Characteristics | Question |
Cotton Gin
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My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
NOTICE
What do you see that seems interesting or important?
WONDER
What questions do you have about this image?
THINK
What do you suppose is going on in this image?
Source: William S. Sheppard, “African American slaves using the first cotton gin, 1790-1800,” in Harper’s Weekly, December 18, 1869. Public Domain.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a period of rapid economic and social change in the United States, marked by the shift from a largely agrarian, self-sufficient economy to a more industrialized, market-based one | Quote “... this market revolution was on the minds of nearly everyone in the United States between the Revolution and the Civil War, and it colored (if it did not dictate) their reaction to a host of public issues ranging from banking and money to bankruptcy, land policy, tariffs, manufacturing, democracy, and the expansion of slavery.”
|
Illustration | Question |
Market Revolution
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My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Give One |
PROMPT:
|
MY ANSWER:
|
Get One | ||
1. 2. | 1. 2. | 1. 2. |
1. 2. | 1. 2. | 1. 2. |
1. 2. | 1. 2. | 1. 2. |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a human-made waterway that allows for transportation to occur from one body of water to another | Quote “... the lock canal is at once seen to be one of the greatest inventions of any age; it was every whit as far ahead of any system of transportation when it was discovered as the railway is in advance of the best canal today.”
|
Illustration | Question |
Canal
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
A-Z Guide
In the boxes, write words relating to or describing the topic listed below. Put the word in the box with the first letter of the word. Try to use as many letters as you can!
Topic: Transportation | ||
A: | B: | C: |
D: | E: | F: |
G: | H: | I: |
J: | K: | L: |
M: | N: | O: |
P: | Q: | R: |
S: | T: | U: |
V: | W: | X: |
Y: | Z: | |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition involves a move away from farming and a reliance on handcrafts towards a focus on factories and mass production | Quote “... the search for techniques, devices and machines to facilitate industrialization was being fueled by eager capitalists through patents, public funds, technical journals and books, professional societies, and especially the importation… of skilled workers and machinery from Britain.”
|
Characteristics/ Examples | Question |
Industrialization
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Quickwrite: In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompt.
Using the topic of the “Market Revolution” or “Westward Expansion” write a contextual statement about the Early Republic.
Source: Sidney & Neff, “Lowell Co. Mills,” 1850, Public Domain
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. | Quote “Though nativism often manifests as prejudice against people who are not U.S. citizens, the ideology encompasses a much broader, symbolic definition of national identity.”
|
Illustration | Question |
Nativism
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Source: Tweedle, “Immigration to the United States Over Time,” CC BY-SA 4.0.
PREDICTION
By 1844, immigration to the United States had rapidly and exponentially increased. Additionally, immigrants began coming from countries that previously were not represented in the U.S. population.
What do you predict will be the effects and impact of these changes?
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition the seventh president of the United States from 1829-1837; born in colonial Carolinas, was a military general, a lawyer, and a member of the U.S. Congress prior to his presidency | Quotation “Life in the [political] arena was rough and tiring, yet Jackson savored the fight and found solace in the unending work democracy demanded of its champions.”
|
Characteristics | Question |
Andrew Jackson
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
NOTICE
What do you see that seems interesting or important?
WONDER
What questions do you have about these maps?
THINK
What do you suppose happening between 1824 & 1828?
Source: United States Geological Survey, “Election Maps of 1824 & 1828,” in the National Atlas of the United States, 1970. Public Domain
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition the U.S. government’s policy of forcibly relocating Native Americans from their ancestral lands | Quote “Together with the development of the cotton gin, the Louisiana Purchase made possible the opening of new lands to slave cultivation while providing proximate territories for Indian removal.”
|
Illustration | Question |
Indian Removal
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
QUOTE ANALYSIS:
In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompt.
How do the words we use‒such as “Indian” and “Removal”‒shape the way we understand historical events?
“‘Indian’ is for good reason a designation of pride for many native people in the United States today, but when used to describe the diverse individuals and communities who were expelled from their homelands in the nineteenth century, its fanciful and specious [misleading] associations distort our understanding of the past… The label conjures up so many stereotypes that it clouds the mind, making it impossible to see the past clearly…
‘Removal’ is equally unfitting for a story about the state-sponsored expulsion of eighty thousand people. It is a ‘soft word,’ said the Massachusetts representative Edward Everett… Then and now, it conveys no sense of coercion or violence. The phrase ‘Indian Removal,’ coined by proponents of the policy… was an unusual construction that left unstated who was removing whom. Where Indians doing it to themselves? The phrase is artfully vague.”
Source: Claudio Saunt, Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory, 2020.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition refers to the forced westward migration of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the 1830s and 1840s. | Quote “Murder is murder, and somebody must answer. Somebody must explain the streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in the summer of 1838. Somebody must explain the 4000 silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to their exile.” - Private John G. Burnett, “Birthday Story of Private John G. Burnett,” December 11, 1890. |
Characteristics | Question |
Trail of Tears
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Anticipatory Guide
In the “Before Lesson” column, write an “A” if you agree or a “D” if you disagree with the statement in the row. Then, using the “After Lesson” Column, reevaluate the statement and write an “A” or a “D” with an explanation to reflect your informed opinion.
Before Lesson | Statement | After Lesson |
| Native American tribes agreed to move peacefully during Indian Removal. | |
| The Trail of Tears only affected the Cherokee tribe. | |
| Thousands of Native Americans died from disease, hunger, and cold on the march. | |
| The U.S. government gave Native Americans sovereignty in Indian Territory. | |
| 90% of Cherokee were literate prior to removal. | |
| The Cherokee Protest Petition stopped the U.S. government from enforcing removal. | |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a vast region encompassing land west of the Mississippi River, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains | Quote “Unlike the voluntary immigration of virtually all other inhabitants… the non-slave, non-Indian population of New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory became part of the American nation involuntarily, as a result of the high level actions of the French, American, and Spanish governments, rather than as a result of their own actions.”
|
Illustration | Why did the U.S. want to buy the Louisiana Territory? Question |
Louisiana Territory
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
A-Z Guide
In the boxes, write words relating to or describing the topic listed below. Put the word in the box with the first letter of the word. Try to use as many letters as you can!
Topic: Expansion | ||
A: Acquisition | B: Border | C: Colonization |
D: Discover | E: Empire | F: Frontier |
G: Growth | H: Hostility | I: Immigration |
J: Journey | K: Kingdom | L: Land |
M: Map | N: Nationalism | O: Occupation |
P: Pioneer | Q: Quest | R: Resources |
S: Settlement | T: Territory | U: Unite |
V: Voyage | W: Wilderness | X: Xenophobia |
Y: Yards | Z: Zones | |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a political approach promoting unity among different Indigenous groups in the Americas regardless of tribal distinctions and cultural differences | Quote “Until the end of the nineteenth century, Indian response to white encroachment was largely tribal but included some loose, regional, intertribal groupings with a Pan-Indian flavor.”
|
Illustration | Was a Pan-Indian response more effective than a tribal one in resisting white encroachment? Question |
Pan-Indianism
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
SCENARIO RESPONSE:
In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompts.
Why is it difficult for all six New England states to work together to save the Patriots? What could they do to overcome their differences and convince the NFL to keep the team in New England?
It’s hard for the New England states to work together because each state wants something different. Massachusetts thinks they should lead, but other states feel left out or don’t trust each other. To fix this, they could hold a meeting where every state gets a say and they agree on a plan together. If they show they’re united, the NFL might be more likely to keep the Patriots in New England.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
The Patriots Are in Trouble!
Imagine there’s a serious rumor that the New England Patriots are going to be moved to another state—like California. The only way to stop it is for all six New England states to work together and convince the NFL to keep the team in New England. But there’s a problem…
Definition a border between two countries; refers to the land past U.S. settlements to the west | Quote “The most significant thing about the American frontier is, that it lies at the hither edge of free land.”
|
Illustration | What made people think the frontier was “free land” when it was occupied by other people? Question |
Frontier
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
QUOTE ANALYSIS:
In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompts.
What is one argument Turner is making about the frontier? What does that tell you about his perspective?
One argument Turner makes is that the frontier changed people by turning European settlers into tough, independent Americans. He believed the frontier was the place where "civilization" met "savagery," and where settlers had to adapt to survive. This shows that Turner thought westward expansion was a good thing and an important part of American history. However, his words also show that he saw Native Americans and their way of life as less important or less advanced, which reflects the unfair and biased views many people had at that time.
“... the frontier is the outer edge of the wave - the meeting point between savagery and civilization.”
“The frontier is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. The wilderness masters the colonist. It finds him a European in dress, industries, tools, modes of travel, and thought. It takes him from the railroad car and puts him in the birch canoe. It strips off the garments of civilization and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin… In short, at the frontier, the environment is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish…”
“At first, the frontier was the Atlantic coast.”
“In the course of the seventeenth century the frontier was advanced up the Atlantic river courses…”
“In the period of the Revolution the frontier crossed the Alleghenies into Kentucky and Tennessee, and the upper waters of the Ohio were settled.”
“From decade to decade distinct advances of the frontier occurred.”
Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History, 1893.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a machine for separating cotton from its seeds | Quote “The machine… requires no other attendance than putting the Cotton into the hopper with a basket or fork, narrowing the hopper when necessary, and letting out the seeds after they are clean… If the machinery is moved by water… it will diminish the usual labor… At least forty nine fiftieths.”
|
Characteristics | What were the effects of the cotton gin on slavery? Question |
Cotton Gin
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
NOTICE
What do you see that seems interesting or important?
The scene appears to be busy with many people around.
WONDER
What questions do you have about this image?
What are the two people in the front and center of the image doing?
THINK
What do you suppose is going on in this image?
I think this is from a cotton plantation.
Source: William S. Sheppard, “African American slaves using the first cotton gin, 1790-1800,” in Harper’s Weekly, December 18, 1869. Public Domain.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition a period of rapid economic and social change in the United States, marked by the shift from a largely agrarian, self-sufficient economy to a more industrialized, market-based one | Quote “... this market revolution was on the minds of nearly everyone in the United States between the Revolution and the Civil War, and it colored (if it did not dictate) their reaction to a host of public issues ranging from banking and money to bankruptcy, land policy, tariffs, manufacturing, democracy, and the expansion of slavery.”
|
Illustration | What made the market revolution so impactful? Question |
Market Revolution
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Give One |
PROMPT:
|
MY ANSWER:
|
Get One | ||
1. 2. | 1. 2. | 1. 2. |
1. 2. | 1. 2. | 1. 2. |
1. 2. | 1. 2. | 1. 2. |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Answers will vary, but may include the following ideas:
Definition a human-made waterway that allows for transportation to occur from one body of water to another | Quote “... the lock canal is at once seen to be one of the greatest inventions of any age; it was every whit as far ahead of any system of transportation when it was discovered as the railway is in advance of the best canal today.”
|
Illustration | Where was the first canal built? Question |
Canal
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
A-Z Guide
In the boxes, write words relating to or describing the topic listed below. Put the word in the box with the first letter of the word. Try to use as many letters as you can!
Topic: Transportation | ||
A: Airplane | B: Bus | C: Canal |
D: Delivery | E: Engine | F: Ferry |
G: Gas | H: Highway | I: Intersection |
J: Jet | K: Kilometer | L: Locomotive |
M: Metro | N: Navigation | O: Oil |
P: Port | Q: Quick Stop | R: Railroad |
S: Subway | T: Train | U: U-Turn |
V: Vehicle | W: Wheel | X: Xpress Train |
Y: Yellow Cab | Z: Zipper Merge | |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition involves a move away from farming and a reliance on handcrafts towards a focus on factories and mass production | Quote “... the search for techniques, devices and machines to facilitate industrialization was being fueled by eager capitalists through patents, public funds, technical journals and books, professional societies, and especially the importation… of skilled workers and machinery from Britain.”
|
Characteristics/ Examples | If westward expansion was increasing farming, why was there a shift to industrialization? Question |
Industrialization
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Quickwrite: In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompt.
Using the topic of the “Market Revolution” or “Westward Expansion” write a contextual statement about the Early Republic.
During the Early Republic, the Market Revolution significantly affected the economy. Transportation improvements linked the various regions of the United States. As a result, regions became more specialized in their economic activities and became more dependent on the other regions. For example, northeastern factories needed cotton from the south and western farmers needed manufactured goods from northeastern factories.
Source: Sidney & Neff, “Lowell Co. Mills,” 1850, Public Domain
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. | Quote “Though nativism often manifests as prejudice against people who are not U.S. citizens, the ideology encompasses a much broader, symbolic definition of national identity.”
|
Illustration | What is it about immigrants that makes some people view them as inferior? Question |
Nativism
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Source: Tweedle, “Immigration to the United States Over Time,” CC BY-SA 4.0.
PREDICTION
By 1844, immigration to the United States had rapidly and exponentially increased. Additionally, immigrants began coming from countries that previously were not represented in the U.S. population.
What do you predict will be the effects and impact of these changes?
I think that the population of cities will grow. Since the immigrants will come by boat, they will likely stay close to the coast and cities like New York will struggle to keep up with the rise in residents. Also, Americans may discriminate against new immigrants. They might not like their way of life or think that they will take their jobs.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition the seventh President of the United States from 1829-1837; born in colonial Carolinas, was a military general, a lawyer, and a member of the U.S. Congress representing Tennessee prior to his presidency | Quotation “Life in the [political] arena was rough and tiring, yet Jackson savored the fight and found solace in the unending work democracy demanded of its champions.”
|
Characteristics | What is Andrew Jackson most known for? Question |
Andrew Jackson
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
NOTICE
What do you see that seems interesting or important?
The 1824 election had four candidates, while the 1828 election was between Jackson and Adams.
WONDER
What questions do you have about these maps?
How did Jackson gain so much more support in 1828 compared to 1824?
THINK
What do you suppose happening between 1824 & 1828?
Access to voting rights must become more available because the popular vote increased significantly.
Source: United States Geological Survey, “Election Maps of 1824 & 1828,” in the National Atlas of the United States, 1970. Public Domain
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition the U.S. government’s policy of forcibly relocating Native Americans from their ancestral lands | Quote “Together with the development of the cotton gin, the Louisiana Purchase made possible the opening of new lands to slave cultivation while providing proximate territories for Indian removal.”
|
Illustration | How did the Native Americans react to the policy? Did they resist? Question |
Indian Removal
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
QUOTE ANALYSIS:
In 3-5 sentences, answer the following prompt.
How do the words we use‒such as “Indian” and “Removal”‒shape the way we understand historical events?
The words we use can change how we see history. For example, the word “Indian” was used to describe many different Native American tribes, even though they had their own names, cultures, and languages. This makes it seem like they were all the same, which isn’t true. The word “Removal” sounds like Native Americans just moved away, but really, they were forced off their land by the U.S. government. Many suffered and died, but the word "removal" makes it sound peaceful, when it was actually very violent. Changing the way we talk about history helps us understand what really happened instead of hiding the truth.
“‘Indian’ is for good reason a designation of pride for many native people in the United States today, but when used to describe the diverse individuals and communities who were expelled from their homelands in the nineteenth century, its fanciful and specious [misleading] associations distort our understanding of the past… The label conjures up so many stereotypes that it clouds the mind, making it impossible to see the past clearly…
‘Removal’ is equally unfitting for a story about the state-sponsored expulsion of eighty thousand people. It is a ‘soft word,’ said the Massachusetts representative Edward Everett… Then and now, it conveys no sense of coercion or violence. The phrase ‘Indian Removal,’ coined by proponents of the policy… was an unusual construction that left unstated who was removing whom. Where Indians doing it to themselves? The phrase is artfully vague.”
Source: Claudio Saunt, Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory, 2020.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Definition refers to the forced westward migration of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) in the 1830s and 1840s. | Quote “Murder is murder, and somebody must answer. Somebody must explain the streams of blood that flowed in the Indian country in the summer of 1838. Somebody must explain the 4000 silent graves that mark the trail of the Cherokees to their exile.” - Private John G. Burnett, “Birthday Story of Private John G. Burnett,” December 11, 1890. |
Characteristics | How did the march occur? Did they have to walk? Question |
Trail of Tears
--------------------------------------------------------
My understanding: 4 3 2 1
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________
Anticipatory Guide
In the “Before Lesson” column, write an “A” if you agree or a “D” if you disagree with the statement in the row. Then, using the “After Lesson” Column, reevaluate the statement and write an “A” or a “D” with an explanation to reflect your informed opinion.
Before Lesson | Statement | After Lesson |
Answers will vary. | Native American tribes agreed to move peacefully during Indian Removal. | Disagree: Some tribes, like the Seminole, actively resisted through armed conflict. |
Answers will vary. | The Trail of Tears only affected the Cherokee tribe. | Disagree: The Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole were also forced to relocate |
Answers will vary. | Thousands of Native Americans died from disease, hunger, and cold on the march. | Agree: Over 4,000 Cherokee died from dysentery, pneumonia, starvation, or the freezing cold. |
Answers will vary. | The U.S. government gave Native Americans sovereignty in Indian Territory. | Disagree: Even in Indian Territory, Indigenous sovereignty was limited and ignored often. |
Answers will vary. | 90% of Cherokee were literate prior to removal. | Agree: The Cherokee had schools and the people were literate in Cherokee, English, or both. |
Answers will vary. | The Cherokee Protest Petition stopped the U.S. government from enforcing removal. | Disagree: Despite the petition, the government moved forward with the removal. |
Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Class: ____________________