Paper 2
Health & Performance
60 Marks
1 Hour 15 Mins
Classification of Skills� (3 Continuums)
Pop Quiz
Classification of Skills
A continuum is a line that goes between two extremes
There is no 100% right answer in terms of where the skills are placed, you just need to be able to decide if they are simple or complex
�Difficulty Continuum
Basic Skills:
EG Running, Cycling, Swimming
Complex Skills:
EG 180 twisting somersault in gymnastics, smash in tennis
Task: In your workbook place the following skills on the continuum
Simple
Complex
Handstand
Lay Up
Back Handspring Vault
Spike
Straddle Jump
Drop Kick
Underarm Serve
Overhead Kick
Chest Pass
Simple
Complex
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
�Environmental Continuum
Open Skills:
EG Team sports where the situation is always changing - Rugby Tackle as the timing and style of tackle is heavily influenced by many factors including the ball carrier, the tackler’s team mates and the position on the pitch
Closed Skills:
EG Athletics throws - Javelin as the exact timing of the throw is down to the athlete, who is throwing the same weight javelin every time in a very similar and stable environment
Task: In your workbook place the following skills on the continuum
Open
Closed
Football Pass
Golf Swing
Rugby Pass
Shot Put Throw
Tennis Serve
Hockey Shot
Darts Throw
Netball Pass
Lay Up
Open
Closed
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
�Organisational Continuum
Low Organisation Skills:
EG Swimming front crawl (Arm pull, breathing stroke, leg kick and tumble turn)
EG Set Shot in basketball (BEEF)
High Organisation Skills:
EG Somersault in trampolining
EG Golf swing
Highly organised defensives are difficult to break down
Task: In your workbook place the following skills on the continuum
Low
High
Golf Swing
Tennis Serve
Golf Swing
Tennis Serve
Low
High
Classification of Skills
Difficulty: Basic Complex
Difficulty, Thought, Concentration, Decision-Making
Environmental: Influence: Open Closed
Predictable/Unpredictable, Self-Paced/Externally Paced
Organisational: Level: Low High
Can/Cannot be Broken Down into Sub-Routines
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4 Types of Practice
Pop Quiz
1. Using the environmental continuum, classify the following:
2. Using the difficulty continuum, classify the following:
3. Using the organisational continuum, classify the following:
4. Name the 6 methods of training? (IFCCPW)
5. Name the 7 principles of training? (FIRST-OP)
Type of Practice | Description | Advantages | Disadvantages | Practice is most useful for: |
Fixed Repeating whole skill | Repeatedly practising a whole skill within a training session. E.g. A golfer uses fixed practice so their golf swing becomes well learned. | Good for novices Good for improving consistency | Can become boring or tedious Performers can lose interest and the skill practice can suffer | Closed skills |
Variable Apply | A training session that includes frequent changes of task so that the skill can be repeated in different situations. E.g. Skills that are influenced by opposition (bringing in a defender) | Mimics game play | If a novice moves on too quickly to variable practice their skill level can be affected | Open skills |
Massed Without Rest | A training sessions where there are little or no breaks. The same skill or part of a skill is repeated over and over again. E.g. A squash player continuously hitting forehand drives until they master the skill. | The correct movement pattern is grooved (getting feel for the skill) so it is repeated next time. Under fatigue. Improves consistency for experienced & motivated | This type of practice can be boring It can also be tiring, leading to errors and potentially accidents | Simple, Low Organisation and Closed skills |
Distributed Breaks | When there are breaks in the session providing time for feedback and rest. E.g. 5 attempts at kicking a rugby ball at the posts, then rest receive feedback from coach while another player has their turn. | The performer doesn’t get too tired It prevents boredom/keeps motivation high. Mental rehearsal | The performer may not gain the skill in the time allowed, therefore taking longer to learn the skill | Complex, High Organisation and Open skills |
Exam Questions
Goal Setting �
Pop Quiz
1 Using the environmental continuum, what classification of skill are the following:
2. What type of practice is ‘without rest’?
3. What practice has ‘breaks’?
4. What type of practice is ‘applying skills to a game situation’?
5. What type of practice is ‘repeating the whole skill’?
SMART Targets
Specific: Knowing exactly what the goal is, it must be clear and concise.
Measureable: A goal you can measure using data
E.g. How many meters or seconds you have improved
Achievable: (Physically)
Something that is possible for you to do.
Running an extra 100m in the Cooper Run
Realistic: (resources)
A goal that is possible given all the factors involved
Time-Bound: Goals must be assigned a time frame for completion
Benefits of Goal Setting
Effective goal setting can:
Examples of SMART Targets
Planning a PEP to improve achieve SMART Targets
1. Planning 2. Developing 3. Monitoring 4. Evaluating
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4 Types of Guidance
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1. Using the organisational level continuum, classify the following:
2. What does SMART stand for?
3. Describe distributed practice
4. What are the principles of training?
5. What are the methods of training?
Visual Guidance
Visual guidance is when guidance is presented in a form that the performer can look at
EG A demonstration
EG Watching a video
EG Looking at a poster or court markings
Verbal Guidance
Verbal guidance is when a coach or teacher describes how to perform a skill
or tells a performer something.
Manual Guidance
Manual guidance involves a coach physically moving a performer
into the correct position or supporting them as they perform a skill
Mechanical Guidance
Mechanical guidance takes place when equipment is used to assist
in the coaching process EG floats in swimming or harnesses in trampolining
Exam Questions
9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNLOWEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) ANALYSE & EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
Command Words
Access | Gathering opinions to make a judgement |
Analyse | Break something down and examine |
Classify | Grouping based on characteristics |
Define | Definition of word/term |
Describe | Detailed description |
Discuss | Advantages & disadvantages |
Examine | Justified answer based on analysis |
Explain | Justified answer with linked reasoning |
Evaluate | Supported judgement in relation to question context e.g. sport or sports performer in question |
Justify | Give reasons for your answers |
Predict | Predict what is likely to happen in the future |
Relative | Judgement based on order of importance |
State | Recall facts |
The meaning of key words which will be in exam questions
Can be found at the bac of you pop quiz booklets
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
A01 – What are manual and mechanical guidance?
A02 – Examples of how manual and mechanical guidance could be used to teach beginners to swim?
AO3 – What are the advantages? Disadvantages? Wider Knowledge?
Q) Mechanical and manual guidance can be used when practising techniques in sport.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using mechanical and manual guidance when teaching a beginner to swim.
Q) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using mechanical and manual guidance when teaching a beginner to swim.
.
9 Markers – Mark Scheme��Q) Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using mechanical and manual guidance when teaching a beginner to swim����
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Types of Feedback
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1. What type of guidance would use equipment
2. What type of guidance would be a coach physically moving a performer?
3. What type of guidance would use a demo, picture or video?
4. What type of guidance would use a team talking and coaching points?
5. Name the 4 types of practise
Where can we get feedback from?
When can feedback be given?
Intrinsic Feedback
Extrinsic Feedback
Concurrent Feedback
Terminal Feedback
What types of feedback will be possible?
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Mental Rehearsal
Pop Quiz
1. Name the 2 types of feedback we can receive
2. Explain the 2 types of feedback we can receive
3. What is concurrent feedback and give a sporting example
4. What is terminal feedback and give a sporting example
5. Name 3 benefits of using SMART targets
Mental Rehearsal
BBC Clip - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AibWrCkYVk&safe=active
Lewandowski - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO0pwvSkxrc
Jason Day - Jason Day’s visualization key to his game
Owen Farrell - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roYfwZ6sCXU
Sadie Bjornsen- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZf24MEemKI&safe=active
Benefits of Mental Rehearsal �
1. Be used to develop an existing skill
2. Help to focus the mind on the task
3. Reduce anxiety (due to focus)
4. Build confidence (due to mentally seeing successful performances)
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Health & Well-Being�
Health: A state of complete emotional, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
Well-Being: “The state of being comfortable, healthy or happy”
Pop Quiz
1. What is mental rehearsal
2. State 3 benefits of using mental rehearsal
3. When can intrinsic feedback be given
4. When can extrinsic feedback be given
5. What type of practise would be used to teach beginners learning the tennis serve
Physical
Effects of Exercise on Health & Well-Being
Negative Effects: Overexertion (leading to heart attacks & strokes) & overuse injuries
Benefit of Exercise on Physical Health | How is it Achieved |
Improvement in all areas of HRE | Regular training |
Increased Bone Density – preventing Osteoporosis | Weight Bearing Exercise (Walking/Running) |
Reduced chance of Obesity/Maintain Optimum Weight | Burning excess calories through exercise |
Reducing Cholesterol & Blood Pressure | |
Reduced chance of Strokes | Reducing Cholesterol & Blood Pressure |
Emotional/Mental
Negative Effects: Addictive. Injury & Inactivity leading to depression. Competition pressure
Benefit of Exercise on Emotional Health | How is it Achieved |
Increased Self-Esteem & Confidence | - Overcoming an emotional/physical challenge - Feel part of something as team member - Performing better by practising more - Think you look good by losing weight if overweight |
Aesthetic Appreciation -See beauty in performance | - Watching skilful performance |
Relieve Stress & Stress/Mental Illness | - Taking mind off problems - Having fun - Serotonin (Feel good Hormone) |
Competition | - Feeling good if winning/meeting a challenge |
Reduce Boredom | - Having something to do |
Benefit of Exercise on Social Health | How is it Achieved |
Developing Friendships & Social Mixing | Meet new people & meet old friends By Joining a team or club |
Improved Co-operation | Work as a team towards a common purpose Ability to interact with others Adapt to social situations |
Increased social activities and therefore will not engage in antisocial behaviour) | Activities to occupy your time |
Social
Negative Effects: Long training hours means a lack of social time
5 Lifestyle Choices | |
1. Diet |
|
2. Activity Levels |
|
3. Work/Rest/Sleep Balance |
|
4. Alcohol (Depressant) |
|
5. Smoking (Stimulant) |
Bronchitis which is long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing shortness of breath and irritation (cough) Emphysema caused by smoke damaging the alveoli - Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream. Pneumonia is swelling (inflammation) of the tissue in one or both lungs. It's usually caused by a bacterial infection. If you have pneumonia, alveoli sacs become inflamed and fill up with fluid. |
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7 Categories of a Balanced Diet�
Pop Quiz
1. Define health
2. Define well-being
3. List 2 physical, social and mental benefits of exercise
4. Explain how these benefits are achieved
5. What are the 5 lifestyle choices?
7 Categories of a Balanced Diet
Carbohydrates
Fat
Fibre
Water
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Certain Food Plates Make Very Fit Winners
7 Categories of a Balanced Diet
3 Macro-Nutrients (Energy, Growth & Repair) | |||
Carbohydrates Simple Complex | 1st source of energy | Bread, pasta, potatoes, rice | Needed in large amounts |
Fat Saturated Unsaturated | 2nd source of energy but should be eaten in moderation due to potential weight gain Bulking | Butter, oil, fatty meats, fried food | |
Protein | Muscle growth (hypertrophy) & repair 3rd source of energy | Cheese, milk, eggs, lean meat, fish | |
2 Micro-Nutrients (Maintain Good Health) | |||
Vitamins | Helps body function properly (e.g. vitamin C) Prevents deficiency diseases (e.g. Vitamin D) | C – Fight colds – fruit and vegetables D – Absorbs Calcium to prevent brittle bones – milk, fish, eggs | Needed in small amounts |
Minerals | Calcium – Osteoporosis – dairy Iron – Anaemia – red meat, green veg | ||
| |||
Fibre | Aids digestion Bulking agent Reduces cholesterol | Fruit & vegetables, cereals, nuts | Needed in small amounts |
Water (Hydrate) | Prevents dehydration Regulates body temperature Help transport nutrients & waste products Aids mental concentration Helps tissues, cells & organs to function properly Keeps joints lubricated | Before (500ml 4 hours & 250ml 15 mins before) During (regular water breaks) After hydrate as soon as possible 2.5 litres for men and 2 litres for women daily intake | |
The Eatwell Guide �Eating the right foods in the right amount
http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Goodfood/Pages/the-eatwell-guide.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MlE4G8ntss
�
Simple (sugars)
Quick absorption giving fast energy release
Complex (starches)
Slower absorption giving slower & longer lasting energy release, therefore preferable
for athletes. Complex carbohydrates stored in liver and muscles as glycogen. When
energy is required glycogen is converted to glucose through aerobic respiration. Excess
stored as body fat
Carbohydrates�
Fats
Saturated- solid at room temperature
Increases Cholesterol levels in blood and can lead to Coronary Heart Disease
Unsaturated - liquid at room temperature
Decreases Cholesterol levels in blood
PROTEINS (& Lipoproteins)
Protein is broken down into amino acids and used to build cells, make blood, aid immune system, repair & replace tissue
ANIMAL PROTEIN
PLANT/VEGETABLE PROTEIN
Fibre
Soluble (oats and fruit)
Reduces the absorption of cholesterol into your bloodstream
Insoluble (whole grains and vegetables)
Helps remove waste products and prevent digestive disorders
Bulking agent which makes you feel full and help you maintain optimum weight
Water
Makes up half of body weight and prevents dehydration. 2-2.5L daily intake is the best way to hydrate
Dehydration: The loss of water and salts essential for normal body function
Pre-Hydrate – at least 500ml 4 hours before. 250ml just before exercise
Water breaks during exercise – regular intervals
Re-Hydrate – as soon as possible to replace loss fluids and electrolytes
Dietary Manipulation – 4 Ways��Optimum Weight��Energy Balance �
Pop Quiz
Dietary Manipulation
1. Carbo-Loading
Reduce carbohydrate intake 6+ days before event
Reduce amount of exercise Increased glycogen stores in muscles & liver Aerobic respiration Maintain performance
Reduce fibre intake prior to event
Eat high carbohydrate diet prior to event
2. High Protein Diet
Immediately after exercise
Used by power athletes to minimise protein breakdown, stimulate protein synthesis and therefore maximise muscle repair & growth after HIIT sessions
3. Hydration
Used to rehydrate, replace electrolytes and boost energy
4. Vascular Shunting
Vasoconstriction (narrowing of the lumen) - The muscular walls of the blood vessels carrying blood to the inactive areas of the body contract to reduce blood flow EG digestive system. This can lead to stomach cramps & sickness
By increasing the intensity of the training/reducing carbohydrate intake 6+ days before competition then eating a high carbohydrate diet before the race and by tapering their training levels in the days up to their competition, the athlete maximises their glycogen stores in their muscles prior to the event. Therefore, the athlete can maintain pace for longer/delay fatigue
4 Factors Affecting Optimum Weight �
The most favourable weight to produce their best performance in their sport
HEIGHT
MAKES
GIANTS
BIG
1) HEIGHT
2) MUSCLE GIRTH
3) GENDER
4) BONE STRUCTURE
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36901810
Energy Balance - Calories
Metabolic Rate: “The rate at which metabolic processes take place; the rate at which a body uses up energy” (2000-2500 calories per day)
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9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNLOWEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) ANALYSE & EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
A01 – What is a balance diet? Important nutrients?
A02 – Specific examples why balanced diet and nutrients are important to an endurance athlete?
AO3 – Evaluate impact on endurance athletes performance? Positives? Negatives? Wider Knowledge?
Q) Evaluate the need for an endurance athlete to maintain a balanced diet.
Q) Evaluate the need for an endurance athlete to maintain a balanced diet.
9 Markers – Mark Scheme��Q) Evaluate the need for an endurance athlete to maintain a balanced diet.�����
The Consequences of a Sedentary Lifestyle�
“A lifestyle where there is little, irregular or no physical activity”
Should aim to be active, exercise or play sport at a moderate intensity for 1 hour a day
Pop Quiz
1. State the factors which affect optimum weight
2. What is carbo-loading?
3. How do we lose weight?
4. List the 4 types of guidance
5. Name the 1 key word we must use when describing the energy balance
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/bmi-calculator/
Basal Metabolic Rate The minimum amount of energy needed to maintain the body's life processes.
Weight Gain
Overweight: Means that you weigh more than the expected weight for your height and sex
It is possible to be overweight without being overfat as muscle is denser than fat
Overfat: Means you have more body fat than you should have
If the level of fat in the body is excessive it can lead to health problems such as high blood pressure
and high cholesterol. It is possible to be overfat but not actually overweight
Obese: People who are very overfat.
This is where the body fat has increased to a level that is seriously unhealthy. High levels of excess
fat can lead to: mobility issues/lack of flexibility, additional stress on bones and joints, heart disease,
Types 2 diabetes and depression due to low self esteem.
Anthony Joshua �Height: 6ft 6in�Weight: 18 stone 2 lbs�Age 28�BMI: 28 (Overweight)��
Tyson Fury�Height: 6ft 9in�Weight: 25 Stone�Age 29�BMI: 37.5 (Obese)
Paula Radcliffe�Height: 5ft 8in�Weight: 8 stone 7 lbs�Age 44�BMI: 18 (Underweight)��
Sedentary Lifestyle - 7 Linked Long Term Health Problems
1) Weight Gain – Obesity
2) Heart Disease
3) Diabetes - Type 2
4) Osteoporosis
5) Loss of Muscle Tone & Posture
6) Negative Impact on Components of Fitness
7) Depression
Weight Gain/Obesity
Amount of energy per unit time that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest
http://www.myfitnesspal.com/tools/bmr-calculator
Heart Disease - Result of Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure:
Coronary Heart Disease:
High Blood Pressure: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab9OZsDECZw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOgciP5MMXk
Type 2 Diabetes��
Insulin is a hormone produced by your body to convert carbohydrates into glucose. Diabetes is a condition where the amount of glucose in your blood is too high because your body can’t regulate the levels in the blood correctly
Type 1 Diabetes: The Pancreas doesn’t produce any insulin
Type 2 Diabetes: The body doesn’t produce enough insulin to function properly or your body doesn’t
react correctly to the insulin produced.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SZGM_E5cLI
Osteoporosis
Loss of Muscle Tone and Posture
Negative Impact on Components of Fitness
Depression
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Participation & Engagement�
Pop Quiz
1. What is a sedentary lifestyle?
2. List the 7 linked long term health risks linked to a sedentary lifestyle
3. What is coronary heart disease?
4. What is type 2 diabetes?
5. Name the 3 weight related issues from a sedentary lifestyle
5 Personal Factors Affecting Participation��
Number increasing but 58% of the population play no sport
Research has shown that these personal factors can negatively affect participation
S – Socio-economic
A – Age
G – Gender
E – Ethnicity
D – Disability
8 Barriers to Participation
SAINTACC
Stereotyping
Access
Image
Nature of Activity
Time
Availability
Cost
Cultural Influences
Can you link these barriers to the personal factors?
S – Socio-economic
A – Age
G – Gender
E – Ethnicity
D – Disability
Personal Factor | Barrier |
Socio-Economic | Access – upper class sports, private member clubs Cost – equipment, membership, match fees, travel costs Availability – lack of facilities in deprived areas |
Age | Access – travel, awareness of opportunities Image – e.g. fashionable Golf and Tiger Woods Time – school/working hours/retired Nature of Activity – health, high adrenaline, contact sports, veterans, masters comps, lifetime sports Cost – wage/retired Stereotyping – poor self image, lack confidence, publics opinion |
Gender | Stereotyping & Nature of Activity – some sports see as masculine (boxing), media coverage Cost – Pay gap Image – self and publics opinion – this girls can campaign Availability – women's clubs Time – family commitments |
Ethnicity | Stereotyping – ethnic football managers, lack of role models Cultural – national sports |
Disability | Access e.g. ramps, hoists, stereotyping, nature of activity and availability - adapted sessions |
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Sporting Behaviours �
Pop Quiz
1. State the 5 personal factors affecting participation
2 .State the 8 barriers to participation
3. Using the difficulty continuum, classify the following:
4.State the 4 types of practise
5.Expalin the 4 types of practice
Different Types of Sporting Behaviour
Deviance: Unacceptable behaviour and is against the rules of the sport. EG cheating/taking PEDs/violence/racism/sexism, ball tampering
Gamesmanship: Bending the rules/laws of a sport without actually initially breaking them
Sportsmanship: Qualities of fairness, following the rules, being gracious in defeat or victory
Why do athletes resort to deviance?
What are the consequences for deviance?
What is being done to prevent deviance? Is it getting worse?
What does sportsmanship & gamesmanship create?
What is sporting etiquette? What are fair play leagues?
Exam Questions
9 Markers – Edexcel Guidance
AO1) KNOW & UNDERSTAND QUESTION TOPIC: simple statement to recall, define, describe
AO2) APPLY KNLOWEDGE USING SPORTING EG’s: link knowledge and understanding to the question.
AO3) ANALYSE & EVALUATE: justify and conclude your answer. Show wider knowledge.
9 Markers – 3 Steps
Step 1) Highlight A01, A02 and AO3 within the question
Step 2) Plan your answer by breaking down your answers into the 3 row template
Step 3) Number templates into paragraphs
A01 – What are gamesmanship and sportsmanship?
A02 – Examples of gamesmanship and sportsmanship from professional sport?
AO3 – Has gamesmanship replaced sportsmanship in professional sport? Why? Why Not? Wider Knowledge?
Q) Evaluate the view that sportsmanship is being replaced by gamesmanship in professional sport.
Q) Evaluate the view that sportsmanship is being replaced by gamesmanship in professional sport.
9 Markers – Mark Scheme��Q) Evaluate the view that sportsmanship is being replaced by gamesmanship in professional sport.����
Commercialisation�
Pop Quiz
1. Explain deviance and give a sporting example
2. Explain gamesmanship and give a sporting example
3. Explain sportsmanship and give a sporting example
4. Is gamesmanship replacing sportsmanship?
5. State the 5 lifestyle choices
Commercialisation of Physical Activity & Sport�“Making something available on the market; using something to make a profit”
Sport
Players, performers & spectators
Commercial Business
Sponsorship, Advertising, Endorsements, Ticket Sales, Merchandising
Media
Free-to-air, Subscription, Pay-per-view, Radio, Newspapers, Internet, Social Media
The benefits each gives the other is essential to maximises opportunity & profit
‘The Golden Triangle’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4Xn5VlSd7w
Sport
Media
Business
Advantages & Disadvantages of Commercialisation
Advantages: More media increases grassroots participation and money from businesses. More money available for teams, equipment, facilities, coaches and players, Prize funds and awards bigger, More money spend on technological development that can help performance, More competitions and events, More role models and ambassadors
Disadvantages: Rules and fixtures changed to meet requirements of sponsors and media, Over-exposure, Minority sports get less coverage, Controversies become sensationalised giving sport bad reputation, Sports incredibly dependent on money from media & sponsors, Sponsors may promote and sell products or services that promote poor lifestyle choices, breaks in play for advertisements
Advantages: Players paid high wages, Media turn players into role models and paid to endorse products, More money to pay for technological advanced equipment & facilities, More money to pay for better coaching, More competition raises standard & national teams profile, More money for players at grassroots to train full time and progress to elite
Disadvantages: Media coverage pressure to perform & win at all costs, Media spotlight highlights mistakes, Sponsors may dictate a players behaviour disrupting training, Intense scrutiny of private lives, More competition can led to overuse injuries, Too may competitions can reduce the standard, Women paid less than men due to media and sponsors focus, Achievements of one or two can be emphasised at the expense of the team, Change of timings may be less favourable, Negative reporting can lose sponsorship
Sport
Players
Advantages & Disadvantages of Commercialisation
Advantages: Events are scheduled so easily watch them on TV or online, Commentary educates the viewer, More live coverage of top events, highlight, documentaries & coaching tips engages and educates, Media provide information on fixtures, tables, rankings, Money spent on technology to improve viewing with replays and close-ups, Media coverage of role models outside of sport connects fans to players, Able to buy same clothes & equipment as role models
Disadvantages: More people stay at home to watch, Most sport subscription or pay-to-view so expensive to watch, Tickets and merchandise expensive, More popular sport become more difficult to get a ticket due to hospitality reasons, Scheduling for home-viewing make it more difficult to watch live, Minority sports not shown
Advantages: Sponsors name is linked to a positive, healthy and successful activity and advertised to a wide audience, increasing profits for the brand, relatively cheap
Disadvantages: If a sponsor links their name to a team or player that is hit by scandal or poor performances it can have a damaging effect on its reputation and profits, some sports may not get high number of viewers & therefore exposure
Spectator
Sponsors
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