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River Valley Civilizations

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Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E.

Overview: From their origins in East Africa, nomadic humans slowly migrated across the earth, hunting and foraging for food. The development of farming and herding around 8000 B.C.E. (10,000 years ago) was revolutionary. With a more dependable food supply, villages grew into cities, people specialized in jobs, powerful states emerged, and people developed the first writing systems. Trade expanded, spreading new goods and ideas more rapidly than before. By 600 B.C.E., Mesopotamia, India, Egypt, China, Mesoamerica, and the Andes had impressive civilizations that would provide the core of later civilizations in their regions.

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Time Periods:

Paleolithic

Neolithic

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Paleolithic

“Old Stone Age”: basic stone tools were used-- made out of animal bones, stones, and wood
Nomadic lifestyle: Humans migrated in search of plants to use and animals to eat
“People adapted technology to new conditions”-- The types of tools and lifestyles that people kept depended on the environment that they lived in
People learned how to control fire, BIG DEAL!!!
Patriarchal, egalitarian societies-- few real “leaders”
Animism: elements of nature embody spirits and gods
Egalitarian: believing that all people are created equal and deserve equal rights/opportunities

2.5 million years ago - to - 10-8,000 BC

Nuclear family

Kinship group

Tribe

Clan

New, more complex social structures

Migration out of Africa

First societies of hunter-foragers

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Neolithic

Neolithic Revolution’s major developments...

Agriculture: no more nomads, raised crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis
Pastoralism: domesticated herds of animals were moved from pasture to pasture
Specialization of labor: workers were free to focus on other activities than producing food (ex. artisans & merchants)
Towns and cities: food surplus led to population growth, which led to the est. of permanent villages
Governments: to coordinate efforts caused by the surplus of food, government structures were est.
Religions: people prayed to gods in hopes that they’d receive aid with their crops, priests emerged
Technological innovations: waterproof clay pots, drilling stick plows, wheel and axle, textiles/cloths, & metallurgy

8,000 - to - 5-3,000 BC

John Green!!!

Collection of social and political developments based upon the development of agriculture

Larger populations

Less diverse diets

Decrease in plant diversity

Food surplus

Effects of the Agricultural Revolution:

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Pastoralists v.s. Farmers

PASTORALISTS:

First developed in the grasslands of Africa and Eurasia
Still nomadic
Owned very little
In constant contact with new people and ideas

FARMERS:

Developed in different places @ different times
Stayed in one place to raise crops
Accumulated belongings
Limited contact with other communities

Similarities:

Made the shift away from hunter-foraging
Affected the environment drastically

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River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamia:

Nile River Valley:

Indus River Valley:

Huang He (Yellow) River Valley:

3,000 - to - 200 BC

John Green!!!

Click for more info

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PERIOD 2

CHP: 4-7

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Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies

600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.

Overview: The 1,200 years between 600 B.C.E. and 600 C.E. saw the rise of great empires that became the core foundations of later civilizations in much of the world. The Roman and Byzantine and Persian in western Eurasia, the Maurya and Gupta in South Asia, the Qin and Han in East Asia, the Maya in Mesoamerica, and the Moche in the Andes provided security for merchants and several built roads so trade flourished, linking people across regions. Goods and ideas flowed along the land routes in Africa, and across sea routes in the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. Trade fostered the growth of great cities, such as Rome and Alexandria on the Mediterranean, Chang'an in China, and Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica.

However, the strength of these empires brought challenges. Empires grew so large that governing distant lands became difficult and defending long borders became expensive. Trade provided pathways for devastating diseases to move from one region to another. Population growth increased demand for food, and the resulting expansion of agricultural land caused soil erosion and deforestation. Prosperity produced intense concentrations of wealth. Each great empire eventually declined, suffering from decentralization of political power, reductions in trade, and lower urban populations.

No other period in history had such influential developments in belief systems. Judaism and Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire. In India, the evolution of the Vedic beliefs that would eventually form Hinduism also included the development of a caste system. In China, three systems of thought became widespread and continue to this day: Buddhism, with its emphasis on understanding human suffering; Confucianism, with its emphasis on social harmony and rituals; and Daoism, with its emphasis on the interplay between humans and nature. In Greece, philosophers emphasized logic and observation rather than faith as ways to understand the world.

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Classical Civilizations

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Persia:

Modern-day Iran, from the Aegean Sea to the Indus river: Farmers and herders migrated into Iran, had a caste system: priests, rulers/warriors, and farmers (from Zoroastrianism)
Important people: HERODOTUS(Greek historian, wrote The Histories about the Persians), CYRUS THE GREAT(founder of dynasty), ZOROASTER(founder of Zoroastrianism- Persian religion), DARIUS I (ruler), and ALEXANDER THE GREAT (conquered the Persian empire)
Important events:

550 BC: Cyrus defeats the Medes and founds Achaemenid dynasty
538 BC: Cyrus ends the Babylonian exile, Jews return to Palestine and Jerusalem
522 BC: Darius’ Coup- Darius I takes the throne, becomes “King of Kings”, justifies rule with the “Mandate of Heaven”

The Persians ruled with tolerance: allowed conquered kings to stay in power, appointed satraps (a local governor) to collect taxes
Royal Road, 1600 mi: Persia had extensive routes of roads, major one went from Susa (capital) to the Aegean sea, made communication more efficient than many other large dynasties of that day
Zoroastrianism- 1st monotheistic religion, believed in the supreme deity Ahura Mazda- gave us the duality of good and evil

1000 BC - to - 330 BC

John Green!!!

Also called the Achaemenid Dynasty

Persian empire:

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Ancient Greece*:

Organized in city-states: capital & land around it, each had their own gov’t (Athens had a democracy), only males were citizens
City-states grew in isolation: had their own walled cities, laws, customs, army, courts, guardian deity, small populations
Important Places: ATHENS and SPARTA
Important People: PERICLES(Athenian leader), SOCRATES(thinker), PLATO(thinker), ARISTOTLE(thinker), Philip of Macedonia(conqueror), and Alexander the Great(ruler)
Delian League- Alliance of some Greek city-states with Athens vs Peloponnesian League- Sparta with other allies = the Peloponnesian war
Athens became the center for philosophy: people (see “thinkers” above) questioned if everything occurred at the whim of the gods, looked for reason, debated ethics & morality
Philip of M. conquers Greece, turns over to Alex the G. wjen he dies
Alex conquers Persia, but rules with TOLERANCE, leaving Persia’s administration in tact, began the Hellenistic Era
Hellenism- The spread of Greek ideas to new places, and the introduction of new ideas in Greece

800 BC - to - 500 BC

John Green!!!

Greek City States:

*Not officially an “empire” until Alexander the Great

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Rome:

Had two eras:

Republic: 2 consuls elected, powerful senate, aristocratic
Empire: non-hereditary emperor, chosen by predecessor or senate

Extensive conquest and military success (perfection of techniques, rewarding militarial success) during both eras
Set rules in place- laws weren’t at the whim of the leader
Improvements in architecture and engineering: roads, sanitation systems, aqueducts, bridges, buildings
Texts, art, philosophy, and sciences came from Greek
Polytheistic- Roman pantheon of gods derivative of Greek gods
Major city = Rome: buildings, arenas (think the Colosseum)
Heavy on the entertainment of their lives- gladiator fights, chariot races, etc.
Paterfamilias- male dominated family structure
Slaves did the manual labor on farms, in mines, and etc.

500 BC - to - 476 CE

John Green!!!

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Ancient China:

3 great dynasties:

Zhou (1045-256 bc): China’s 1st Golden Age, large territory ruled regionally by governors who pledged allegiance to the king and sent taxes to the capital (basis for feudalism), emperors ruled by the “Mandate of Heaven”, development of iron weapons, mounted cavalry, and the cross-bow
Qin (359-207 bc): short and brutal dynasty, legalistic- those who disobey will be punished harshly, high taxation, united China from 221-206 bc, Shi Huangdi- 1st emperor, 1st great wall built, meritocracy made the army strong, highest law= law of leader (no divine law)
Han (206 bc-220 ce): strong centralized gov’t, supported by the educated shi (those who obtained civil positions through testing)

Warring states period: last stage of the Zhou dynasty, 7 states (Qin, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, and Qi) declared independence from the Zhou & fought over territory, succeeded by the Qin dynasty, transition period from ancient to imperial China

1200 BC - to - 220 BC

John Green!!!

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Ancient India:

Vedic: Aryans migrated to the indo-gangetic plain, left behind religious texts (the Vedas)-- introduces...
The caste system: sudras (laborers/farmers), vaisyas (merchants/artisans), kshatriyas (warriors), then brahmins (priests) foundation for...
Dharma: one’s role in life and society, defined by birth and caste, you must live out your given role
Samsara, Moksha, and karma: samsara= the cycle of rebirth/reincarnation, fulfill your dharma and you are rebirthed as a higher being, moksha= the release from the cycle of reincarnation, karma= good brings good, bad brings bad
Buddhism: created by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), no caste system
Mauryan Dynasty (321-185 bc)- united the Indian subcontinent for the 1st time, important leader: Ashoka- sees his army destroy a kingdom and decides to convert to buddhism, puts up stupas (mound monuments) and pillars around the kingdom proclaiming his devotion to the Buddha and his devotion to ruling with tolerance and kindness
Gupta dynasty (320-550 ce)- rose after Ashoka’s death, local leaders ruled, period of political peace

320 BC - to - 550 CE

John Green!!!

An Animated Map of the Spread of the 5 Major Religions

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Development of Religion

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Buddhism & Hinduism

Buddhism:

Buddhism: created by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), teaches the way to reach enlightenment-- through the four noble truths:

All life is suffering
The source of suffering is desire
To stop suffering, stop desiring
Follow the eightfold path: right view, intention, speech, action, effort, mindfulness, concentration

No caste system
Monks don’t have much power, they renounce everything
Spread throughout the Indian subcontinent (thanks to Ashoka) and into China

Hinduism:

One of the oldest religions
Holy text: The Veda
Believe in reincarnation (samsara) and karma (aka good things come to good people, bad things come to bad people)
Believed that fulfilling dharma was how to end the cycle of reincarnation (which was the goal): one’s role in life and society, defined by birth and caste, you must live out your given role
Worship many deities-- including Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi

Major areas: Indian subcontinent and China

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Greek and Roman Polytheism

Greek:

Pantheon of gods/goddesses: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hades, Athena, Apollo, Demeter, Artemis, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Ares, Hermes
No sacred books
Gods and goddesses each had a specific domain they reigned over and were worshipped for (ex. Demeter= goddess of the harvest)
Their lives were controlled by the whims of the gods
A life of daily ritual and sacrifice were expected
Myths and stories told of the actions of the gods concerning subject such as creation, nature, everyday life, etc.

Roman:

Renamed the Greek gods (in order): Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, Pluto, Minerva, Apollo, Ceres, Diana, Vulcan, Venus, Mars, Mercury
Roman religion was a mix of gods and cults from conquered nations
Ritual was incredibly important
Each city had their own patron deity
Temples (known as the “homes” of the gods) were built around the empire and worshipped outside of
Some days of the week, months and planets were named after the pantheon of Roman gods (ex. Tuesday, June, Saturn)
Often rulers in the empire would be seen as gods or reincarnations thereof

Major areas: Greek and Roman Empires

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Confucianism and Jainism

Confucianism:

More of a lifestyle vs a religion
Created from the teachings of Confucius
The Analects= sacred text (teachings and sayings of Confucius)
Future government officials would be trained using the teachings of Confucius
Family ethics and respect of one’s elders, authority, etc. are extremely important (said to be how to have social harmony as well as harmony with the natural world)
Golden rule-- Do onto others what you would done onto you

Jainism:

One of the oldest religions
Founded by Mahavira in 6th century BC
Karma and reincarnation: the goal of life is “moksha” or release from the cycle (“samsara”)
No gods-- religion of self-help
Follows the doctrine of “ahimsa” (non-violence/non-injury) and vegetarianism
Main idea: concern for the welfare of the universe and every being within the universe (all living things have souls)
Sacred text: Agamas(teachings of Mahavira)
Similar to Hinduism and Buddhism
Three jewels: right belief, right knowledge, right conduct

Major areas: China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and India

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Zoroastrianism and Judaism:

Zoroastrianism:

Founder: Zoroaster (Zarathustra)
Sacred text: The Avesta, contains teachings of Zoroaster
3000 yrs old-- One of the oldest monotheistic religions still practiced
Supreme deity: Ahura Mazda, who gave birth to good and evil spirits
Zoroastrians prep for their day of judgement in front of Ahura Mazda
Believe humans have free will to choose good or bad (no “set” path)
Everyone must follow and promote the truth
Had 3 fires in their home representing the 3 castes, recited prayers around them
Believed that the dead polluted the ground-- didn’t bury the dead

Judaism*:

Monotheistic, believes in one true God
Believe that they have been called as God’s people
In exchange for the good that God has done for them, the Jews keep God’s covenant (follow the laws and bring holiness to their lives)
Originated in the Middle East 3500yrs ago
God’s prophets: Abraham and Moses
Sacred text: the Torah
Worship in synagogues under instruction from Rabbis
Holy days: Hanukkah, the Sabbath, etc.
Jews are often used throughout history as scapegoats (think: the plague, the results of WW1, etc.)

Major areas: India, Iran, Israel, U.S.A

*one of the most prominent religions

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THE BIG TWO: Christianity and Islam

Christianity:

Monotheistic: one God in Heaven
Holy Trinity (3 elements to the one God): God, Christ, Holy Spirit
Founded based upon the teachings of Jesus (who Christians believe to be the Messiah/Son of God)
Believe in the crucifiction and resurrection of Jesus
Most prominent religion in the world
Sacred texts: the Holy Bible
Worship in churches
Holy days: Easter, Christmas, etc.
Many different denominations (who teach different interpretations of the Bible, or live different lifestyles): Catholic, Anglican, Protestant, etc.
Believe Heaven and Hell are place in the afterlife

Islam:

Monotheistic: believe in one God, called Allah
Founded by the prophet Muhammed
Belief system based upon the 5 pillars of Islam
Sacred text: Qur’an (Hadith and hadiths are supplementary texts by Muhammed and others)
God sent prophets (ex. Muhammed, Moses, Jesus, Abraham) to teach His way to live
Holy days: Ramadan, Eid ul Fitr, etc.
Two denominations: Sunni and Shia (differentiate on who was the rightful caliph-- Abu= Sunni, Ali= Shia)
Holy place: Mecca
Becomes the religion of a major empire, rivalling its Christian European neighbors to the west

Major areas: U.S.A, Europe, the Middle East (and almost everywhere else)

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Honorable Mentions:

Daoism:

More of a philosophy than a religion
The “way” or “Dao” included:

Learning to meditate
Control breathing
And with those two, one could control their life force

Perfecting one’s Dao would give them superhuman powers/immortality
Developed from the teachings of Laozi (Lao Tsu)
Focused on harmony and balance
Daoist thought permeates most Asian culture and has heavily influenced China’s practices

Greco-Roman Philosophy and science:

Logic and empirical observation
Nature of political power and hierarchy
The study of truth, knowledge, and moral values
Based upon objective inquiry-- unbiased questions with no favoured outcome
Established the first scientific vocabulary
Led to the development of the scientific theory
Influenced modern Western philosophy

Major areas: China, Greece, Roman Empire

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Trade Routes

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The SILK ROAD

Major overland trade route
Ran from China, through the Mediterranean, to Western Europe
Chinese silk was a major commodity, as well as spices
Also traded paper and gunpowder (both from China)
Connected to the Persian Royal Road

John Green!!!

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Other Major Trade Routes

Major overseas route
Connected Asia, the Indian subcontinent, The Middle East, and Africa
Eventually linked Europe as well
Some empires involved: Han, Achaemenid, Mauryan, etc.
Traded porcelain, ivory, spices, and more
Spread Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam

Trade through the desert was made possible by camels “ships of the desert”
Salt and gold were important commodities
Other items traded included slaves, ivory, copper, etc.
Eventually helped spread Islam into Africa
Connected Africa with Eurasia

The Indian Ocean Trade

Sub-Saharan Trade:

John Green!!!

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PERIOD 3

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Period 3: Regional and Interregional Interactions - 600 C.E. t0 1450 C.E.

Overview: The Classical Era set the scene. It brought us the major civilizations, religions, and trade routes. But, what happens when all of the major world powers collapse? This is the Post-Classical era. The major world powers come from places you might not expect. There are some powers that are similar to the ones before and the ones after (Byzantine, China). But, the major players in the Post-Classical era come from totally backwards places. One sprouts out of a cave in the Arabian desert. The other comes from the base of a mountain on the steppes in Central Asia. I call this era, Muslims & Mongols. That's not everything, but it just about sums up the basics. (Of course, Trade, Migrations, Religion, and Labor are important...)

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Trade Routes, pt. 2

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Expansion of Trade Routes

Interregional trade increase because of technological and transportation advancements, as well as new forms of currency
New empires grew because of these networks

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Migration and Its Effects

Located in the North Atlantic (Western Europe)
Used longships to sail across the Atlantic and through riverways in Europe
More info

Located in the Sahara
Used camel caravans to navigate Trans-Saharan trade routes
More info

Located in Central Asia
Used horses to travel wide distances (ie. the Mongols, the Huns)
More info

THE VIKINGS

THE ARABS/BERBERS

THE NOMADS

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Migration and Its Effects

Located Sub-Saharan Africa
1000-year migration of Bantu speaking peoples throughout Africa
Facilitated transmission of iron technologies and agricultural techniques
More info

Located in the Pacific
Purposeful migration of people through Polynesia
cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved to new islands
More info

THE BANTU

THE POLYNESIAN

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Language Diffusion

SWAHILI: origin- Zanzibar, mix of Arab and Bantu language, the word "Swahili" means "the coast", came to be applied to the people and the language, more info

TURKIC: origin- Central Asia, moved west/south from Central Asia during the 6th and 11th centuries, distributed over a vast area in eastern Europe and Central and North Asia, part of the Altaic languages, more info

ARABIC: origin- Arabia, spread because of the Arab Muslim conquests in the 7th century, believed to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula, member of the family of Semitic languages, more info

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Traveler’s Tales

Ibn Battuta:

1304 – 1368

Wrote Rihla (aka The Travels), Moroccan scholar who traveled through most of the Islamic world and non-Muslim lands

Xuanzang:

602–664

Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, and traveler, wrote Great Tang Records on Western regions (aka. Journey to the West) went throughout China and India

Marco Polo:

1254 – 1324

Christian Italian traveler, wrote Livres des merveilles du monde (aka. Book of the Marvels of the World), traveled throughout Europe and Asia

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Post-Classical Empires

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Empirical Structures

Caliphates: a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered to be a religious successor to Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community

Dynasties: a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in elective republics

Khanates: a political entity ruled by a Khan or Khagan, typically for people from the Eurasian Steppe, can be equivalent to tribal chiefdom

City-States: a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state, a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories

Feudal Societies: a medieval model of government predating the birth of the modern nation-state, a military hierarchy in which a ruler or lord offers mounted fighters a unit of land to control in exchange for a military service

Empire: defined as "an aggregate (collection) of nations or people ruled over by an emperor or other powerful sovereign or government, usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom

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Byzantine Empire

Islamic Caliphates

AKA the Eastern Roman empire
Founded by Constantine I in 330 AD
Capital city: Constantinople
Large amount of civilians were Christian
Survived for many years after the fall of the western Roman empire
Civilians were ruled by Roman law, spoke Latin or Greek, and learned Greek
Justinian I was the first great leader of the Byzantine empire, under his rule the largest church of the time was built (Hagia Sophia)

Ruled over by a caliph who had political and spiritual authority
Conquered lands in Southwest Asia, Northern Africa and Spain
The first 4 caliphs: Abū Bakr, ʿUmar I, ʿUthmān, and ʿAlī
Their ruled was marred by war, assassination and political upheaval
The Muslims dominate trade, astronomy, mathematics, science, philosophy, etc.
Established the Ottoman Empire (which lasted until WWI)
Turkic Republic is est. out of it

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Mongol Empire

Imperial China

the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world: ruled from the islands of Japan all across Asia to Eastern Europe
Ruled over by Genghis Khan, who first united the Mongolian tribes
From there, he spread out and conquered Asia with expert calvary men and advanced bow techniques
ruled with a strong sense of justice & brought peace, stability, and unity & practiced religious tolerance
Succession struggles gradually dissolved the empire
After the death of Ogedei Khan, it split into four parts (Yuan Dynasty, Il-Khans, Chagatai Khanate, and Golden Horde), each of which was ruled by its own Khan

Many dynasties rise and fell during this time
Marked by stability and meritocracy
Highly literate society, admired education and calligraphy
Invented paper, compass, gunpowder, and porcelain among other technological advancements
Begins with the unification under the Qin in 221 BCE, ends with the Qing dynasty in the early twentieth century
The Qin built the Great Wall and the terracotta army
The Han dynasty was the longest & started the Silk Road trade
The Tang dynasty is often called China’s “golden age”

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Early African Civilization

Medieval Japan

Medieval Europe

Honorable Mentions:

Kingdom of Kush: economic center in Northern Africa, traded in incense, ivory, iron and gold
Carthage: naval power, city-state in Northern Africa, trader in gold, textiles, silver, and copper
Kingdom of Aksum: modern-day Ethiopia, traded in gold and ivory. Ge’ez: written text, built obelisks, Christianity
Mali Empire: founded by Sundiata Keita, western Africa, Islamic empire, known for luxury (gold) and their Islamic schools
Songhai: huge Islamic West African empire
Great Zimbabwe: rich in cattle & precious metals, grand fortress

no single state or government united Europe
the Catholic Church was the most powerful institution
Kings, queens and other leaders gained power through alliances with the church
Islamic empire is expanding at the same time (Damascus, technological advances, etc.)
The Crusades: the Catholic Church authorises military to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land

imperial authority was weak and warriors governed society
divided among warlords known as daimyō
Japan’s 1st two warrior governments: the Kamakura (1185-1333) & Muromachi (1336-1573) shogunates
warriors served as middle-level officials in the provinces, worked on govt-owned lands (shōen) given by aristocrats
major Buddhist temples and Shintō shrines controlled estates in the provinces

More Info

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Rise/Fall of Post-Classical Cities:

End of invasions
Safe transportation
Increased trade
More farms, which meant more people, which meant more labor

Example cities: Timbuktu, Baghdad, Venice, Huangzhou

Invasions (think the Mongols)
Disease (Black Death/bubonic plague)
Decrease in agriculture
“Little Ice Age” (cooling temperatures means decline in food production)

Example cities: Rome, Athens, Chang’An, Pataliputra

RISE

FALL

Why did they crumble?

Why did they grow?

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Cultural Transmissions/Interactions

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Agricultural Advances

Mesoamerican floating gardens (chinampas)

Andean region

International terracing

Afro-Eurasian horse collaring

European 3-field system

Farming during the Middle Ages

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Honorable Mentions, pt. 2:

This is still important to keep in mind for CONTEXT

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Honorable Mentions, pt. 3:

This is still important to keep in mind for CONTEXT

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PERIOD 4

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Period 4: Knowledge and a Truly Global World - 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.

Overview: No other era is as easy to summarize as the EARLY MODERN (1450-1750) era. This is the era the Europeans "wake-up", expand, and build empires. I'm not talking about Charlemagne here. I'm talking about the British Empire. I'm talking about the Dutch East India Trading Company. I'm talking about the Spanish Empire. This is a new Europe. This isn't Marco Polo. These Europeans will come to your land and stay there. They will take over most of the world in this era (if not, in the next). Beyond the Maritime empires (and the effect of their establishment), many huge land empires emerged (most notably the Islamic Mughal and Ottoman Empires. Of course, China is important... It always is.

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MAJOR POINT OF PERIOD 4:

The world became TRULY GLOBAL

The Eastern hemisphere broke their bubble and ventured into the Western hemisphere. Interactions began between these two regions that established and expanded new empires.

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LAND Empires

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The Ottoman Empire

Location: Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Europe
Major religion: Islam (the major leader was the Sultan and he had religious and political authority over all)
Osman I founded the empire in 1299 out of a group of Turkish tribes, the empire fell in 1918 (WWI)
The capture of Constantinople: led Mehmed the Conqueror in 1453, factor of the fall of the Byzantine empire, renamed the city Istanbul, changed the Hagia Sophia into a mosque
Sultan Suleiman’s rule expanded the empire into: Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Egypt, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Some of Arabia, the North African coastal strip
Known for art and science: Istanbul became a hub for both, medicine, architecture, astrology, math, and physics were other important subjects
Since the empire was so expansive the government was mostly tolerant of other religions, etc.
Janissaries: Balkan boys captured young that became soldiers
Women had the right to own land (more than what women in other empires could say)

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Mughal Empire

Located: Afghanistan, Balochistan, and the Indian subcontinent
Muslim dynasty founded by a Chagatai(Mongol) Turkic prince named Bābur
Akbar: greatest Mughal emperor, conquered more of Asia to add to the empire, created new policies to assimilate Hindu citizens into the empire
The Taj Mahal and the Great Mosque of Delhi were built in this time
Intolerance, disunity, increased taxes, war, etc. hastened the fall of the empire
The last Mughal, Bahādur Shah II (reigned 1837–57) and the empire fell with the invasion of the British in India

John Green!!!

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Manchu Empire (Qing Dynasty)

The Qing empire was established by the Manchus in China
The last royal/imperial dynasties in China
In 1644, Manchu army crossed the Great Wall, marched south and entered Beijing, taking the city
Manchus brought more Manchu culture into Chinese culture
The queue: a Manchu hairstyle men were expected to adopt of face execution
Eight banners system: military, social, and political distinction
1700s were the golden age of Qing rule, soon the empire would be threatened by foreign traders and invaders
Empire fell due to British trade of opium, the Opium Wars, unequal treaties, peasant rebellions, etc. in the late 1800s- early 1900s
Gunpowder Empire

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Russian Empire

Also known as Imperial Russia
Spread over almost 14mil sq. miles in East Europe and Asia
Est. after the Great Northern War (1700-1721) by Peter the Great
Much of the current area of Russia was gained during this period
Ruled by an autocratic government called a czardom
Capital at St. Petersburg
Its 170 million people were of over 100 different ethnic backgrounds, comprised primarily of Christians, Muslims, and Jews
Last czar was Nicholas II who was forced to step down during WWI

John Green!!!

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MARITIME Empires

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Portuguese Empire

After the Germanic Invasions, Portugal remained under Visigoth rule until the arrival of Islam
Reconquista (1250): period of 750 years in which several Christian kingdoms slowly expanded themselves over the Iberian Peninsula, pushing out the Moors, set the borders of Portugal
Spanned from the the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to Macau's return to China in 1999
They began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using the latest in navigation, cartography and maritime technology as they searched for a sea route to the spice trade, expanded their empire, spread Christianity
Important people: Pedro Álvares Cabral, Prince Henry the Navigator, and Vasco da Gama
The Treaty of Tordesillas: divides up the map of what Spain/Portugal could colonize, all of Africa and almost all of Asia would belong to Portugal, while almost all of the New World would belong to Spain

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Dutch Empire

Various territories controlled by the Netherlands
Their skills in shipping and trading and the surge of nationalism and militarism accompanying the struggle for independence from Spain aided them in their quest for colonies
Built up colonies on the basis of indirect state capitalist corporate colonialism
Dutch East India Company; expand trade and assure close relations between the government and its colonial enterprises in Asia, influenced European food by adding spice, encouraged education of language and culture
Dutch Golden Age: naval supremacy and dominance in global commerce (17th century)
“The Dutch empire played a significant role in bringing people across the globe into consciousness of belonging to a single human family, and is especially noteworthy as an example of what commerce and trade can achieve.”

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Spanish Empire

Catholic empire
Led European colonial expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries, claimed lands in North and South America, became the foremost global power on land and sea
Spanish thinkers formulated some of the first modern ideas on natural law, sovereignty, international law, war, and economics
The marriage of the Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile created a confederation of reigns which became Spain
1492: Spanish push the Moors out of Granada, Christopher Columbus gets an “ok” for his exploration
Important people: Juan Ponce de León, Diego Velázquez, Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Lands claimed by Spain: Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Isthmus of Panama, etc.
Spanish explorers in the Caribbean and the Americas took lands from native peoples, spread diseases (small pox), and collected gold for the Spanish corwn
The Golden Age of Spain: 16th to 17th centuries, lots of inherited territories

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British Empire

Think: Christianity, Commerce, and Civilisation
The growth/expansion of the British empire was seen as part of God’s divine plan
“British Commonwealth”: consisted of multiple dependencies (colonies, territories, etc.) all under the British crown
Competition: maritime exploration increased in the 16th century because of competition with France
Colonies were est. in North America (think: Jamestown 1607), the West Indies, Africa and Southern Asia and were mostly self-sufficient
East India Co.: joint-stock co. w/ trade privileges in India
Mercantilist philosophy: colonies were mostly used for trade, resources were exploited in those areas, profits went back to Britain (Navigation Act), this made it more of an “informal empire”
The slave trade grew in importance to the empire as its labor fuelled the colonies’ production
Important people: King Henry VII, John Cabot, Robert Clive, James Wolfe, Queen Elizabeth I
The Royal Navy (and other parts of the British military) was formidable in size/strength

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French Empire

A.k.a the “Bourbon Dynasty”
Members of the royal family were descendants of Louis I of the House of Bourbon, est. in 1268 w/ the marriage of Robert (Count of Clairmont) to Beatrice of Burgundy
Henry IV: 1st Bourbon king of France,
Mercantilism: colonies are used for profit to France
Important people: Jacques Cartier, Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIV
30 Years War: began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to curtail the religious activities of his subjects, sparking rebellion among Protestants, involved the major powers of Europe: Sweden, France, Spain and Austria, all primarily on German soil
St. Domingue: aka. Haiti, French colony in the Caribbean
Huguenots: French Protestant (Calvinist), majorly persecuted by the Catholic church
Divine right of kings: rulers get their authority from God, not from their subjects, rebellion is the worst crime
Palace of Versailles: built for king Louis XIV

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Atlantic System/Triangle Trade

From the Americas: fish, whale oil, lumber, tobacco, rum, and sugar

From Africa: slaves* and gold

*The Middle passage: the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

From Europe: tea, spices, furniture, cloth, tools, manufactured goods, iron products, firearms, and salt

John Green!!!

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Columbian Exchange

From the West: pumpkins/squash, tomatoes, cassava, turkey, tobacco, quinine, sweet potato, avocado, pineapple, cacao bean, peanuts, potatoes, corn, beans, vanilla, sunflowers, chili peppers, cashews, marigolds, rubber, guava

From the East: coffee bean, peaches, pears, olives, citrus fruit, bananas, honey-bees, sugar cane, onions, grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice), livestock (cattle, sheep, pig, horse), turnip, grapes, disease (smallpox, malaria, measles, typhus), apples, carrots, lettuce, soybeans, weeds, cabbage, tulips, watermelon, daffodils, daisies

John Green!!!

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Cultural and Intellectual Development

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Religious Conflict

Split due to conflicting ideas on who should be Muhammed’s successor
Sunni (90%) believed it should be any qualified ruler, “People of Tradition”
Shia (10%) believed it should be descendants of Muhammed
Sunni: Abu Bakr
Shia: Ali

Began with Martin Luther’s “95 Theses”-- list of complaints against the Catholic church
Served as another source of motivation/competition between Catholic and Protestant nations
Catholicism: Vatican City in Rome, the Pope, etc.
Protestant: no est. location or est. authority

Sunni vs Shia

Catholic vs Protestant

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The Renaissance

Cultural improvements: Shakespeare, woodblock, miniatures, Kabuki theatre, Enlightenment
Innovation: astrolabe, telescope, steam engine
Science: heliocentric theory, blood circulation, laws of motion, Scientific Revolution

John Green!!!

From 1300-1600 (approx.)

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PERIOD 5

Monarchical France vs. Napoleonic France:

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Period 5: Industrialization, Imperialisation, and Revolution - 1750 C.E. to 1914 C.E.

Overview: The previous era was dominated by European discovery. This era is dominated by how these Europeans handled their new-found success both ECONOMICALLY (Industrial Revolution) & POLITICALLY (Revolutions)**. Much like the Mongols and Muslims of the Post Classical, this era is essentially the Industrial Revolution & the Enlightenment-driven Revolutions (French, US, Latin America, etc.). One could argue that the Industrial Revolution is the most important thing that ever happened. Besides the Columbian Exchange, its the only other thing I can guarantee that will be on the AP test. This is also the only era with 4 subsections: Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, Revolution, and Migration.

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Industrial Revolution

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What was it? What lead to it?

Definition: rapid development of industry which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing was often done in people's homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production

Factors leading to the Industrial Revolution:

Location:

Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean
Abundance of rivers/canals
Cities/urbanization

Resources:

Coal, iron, timber
Foreign resources
Colonialism led to accumulated wealth
Developments of machinery (like steam engine & internal combustion engine)

Improvements in agriculture:

Seed drills
Improved ploughs
Crop rotation

Europe’s demographic:

great increase in population

Legal protection of private property

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WOR L D

MAP

R E SOURC E S

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A Few Inventions & Global GDPs

Cotton Gin

Steamboat

Interchangeable parts

Telegraph

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Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Great Britain, 1760s: growing middle class, department stores, growing labor unions, colonization of Australia, women’s rights movement, Opium Wars
France, 1830s: colonization of Indochina and North Africa, dept. Stores, loss of American colonies
Germany, 1870s: growing middle class, dept. Stores, labor union/women’s rights movement
Russia, 1880s: (small) mass migration to the U.S., emancipation of serfs (1860s), labor unions

USA, 1830s: growing middle class, westward movement, emancipation of slaves (1860s), labor union movement
Japan, 1870s: Meiji Restoration, growing middle class, labor unions, women’s rights movements
Banana Republics: aka Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and southeast Asia, became dependent on one crop (sugar, cotton, rubber, coffee, etc.), economies fluctuated with the world market

Women and children recruited to work in factories
Movement to cities
More white collar workers, more teachers, nobility lose hold
Transnational businesses: Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Co. (HSBC), United Fruit Co.
New financial instruments: Gold standard, Limited Liability Co., Stock market, insurance
State pensions and public health, public education
Suez and Panama Canals

EUROPE

& BEYOND

General Effects

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Asia and the Middle East

Location: India and Egypt
Important centers for textiles were outpaced and overrun by newer factories in Europe

Location: India
Iron mines were taken over/shut down by British invaders to prevent them from being used to aid any rebellions

Location: India and SE Asia
Foreign invaders seized control of shipbuilding

British in India
Dutch, Portuguese, and Chinese in SE Asia

TEXTILES

SHIPBUILDING

IRONWORKS

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Ideologies of the Time

Adam Smith and Capitalism:

Adam Smith: Scottish economist, philosopher and author, wrote “The Wealth of Nations,” considered the “father of capitalism”
Capitalism: a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit

Marxism:

Karl Marx: began Marxism, wrote “The Communist Manifesto”
The idea that the working class will overtake the ownership class and reconstruct society
Reconstruction takes place in stages, from capitalism to socialism to communism

Utilitarianism:

Ethical theory created by John stuart Mill that states that actions are right if they maximize utility (basically if they benefit the majority)
Happiness comes from right conduct and well-functioning society

Communism:

Developed by Karl Marx
Political ideology/system which believes that everyone should reap equal rewards from labor
All property is publicly owned

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Imperialism

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Worldwide Control Spreads

BELGIUM:

The Congo

BRITISH:

Strengthened control over India
Other colonies in Africa
Australia
China through the Opium Wars

DUTCH:

Strengthened control over Indonesia

RUSSIA:

Neighboring countries (Chukchi, Armenia, Kiev, Poland)

USA:

Asia, Philippines, and other islands in the Pacific
Latin America through economic imperialism
Think: Spanish American War and Hawaii Take-over

JAPAN:

Asia and the Pacific

John Green!!!

START HERE!

IMPERIALISM, defined: im·pe·ri·al·ism

imˈpirēəˌlizəm/

noun

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

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The Berlin Conference

1884-1885
Meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa; also called the Berlin West Africa Conference
Height of the Scramble for Africa
Divided up Africa W/O the citizens’ consent

Very important piece of Imperialism/World History!

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Colonization

British set up settler colonies in Southern Africa and Australia
The French set up settler colonies in Algeria

Cherokee Nation: 1794-1907, gold found in Dolanagha and they were removed off the land the gov’t gave them, Trail of Tears (1838), moved to reservations out west

Zulu Kingdom: 1816-1897, Kingdom in SE Africa, Anglo-Zulu war over Zululand to reestablish British control in the area
Balkan Independence: Once part of the Byzantine empire, this area was taken over by the Ottomans around the time of Constantinople, the Ottoman empire began to wane in these 12 states gained independence from the Ottomans
Sepoy Mutiny: aka the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58, widespread rebellion against the British in India, ends up being unsuccessful

DIRECT RESISTANCE

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Justification for Imperialism

SOCIAL DARWINISM:

The theory that people are subject to the same laws that govern Darwinism (some people are just naturally better than others)
Superior vs inferior races

BUSINESSES:

Americans increase business overseas, imperialism is needed to protect those investments, Great White Fleet, policy of intervention

THE “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”:

It was the responsibility of Americans/Europeans to “save uncivilized people from themselves” by coming in and Christianizing and modernizing them

THE “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” by Rudyard Kipling

Take up the White Man’s burden—

Send forth the best ye breed—

Go send your sons to exile

To serve your captives' need

To wait in heavy harness

On fluttered folk and wild—

Your new-caught, sullen peoples,

Half devil and half child

Take up the White Man’s burden

In patience to abide

To veil the threat of terror

And check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple

An hundred times made plain

To seek another’s profit

And work another’s gain

Take up the White Man’s burden—

And reap his old reward:

The blame of those ye better

The hate of those ye guard—

The cry of hosts ye humour

(Ah slowly) to the light:

"Why brought ye us from bondage,

“Our loved Egyptian night?”

Take up the White Man’s burden-

Have done with childish days-

The lightly proffered laurel,

The easy, ungrudged praise.

Comes now, to search your manhood

Through all the thankless years,

Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom,

The judgment of your peers!

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Revolution

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Effects of Enlightenment

RESISTANCE/REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS:

Declaration of Independence: US, by Thomas Jefferson, US independence from Britain
Jamaica Letter: Jamaica, Simon Bolivar, Jamaican independence from Spain
Declaration of the Rights of Man: France, National Assembly, steps to the French Revolution

REFORM MOVEMENTS:

Expanded suffrage: women’s suffrage in the 1900s, the 15th Amendment (1870)
The Abolition of slavery: State of Vermont (1777), 1800s more countries begin to ban slavery
The end of serfdom: serfs are freed in Russia under Alexander II’s Edict of Emancipation of 1861

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The Importance of Nationalism*

*this comes back with WWI!

-> Starting in the 18th century, people began to feel a new sense of pride and commonality because of their language, religion, customs, and territory. Now, diverse peoples united underneath one government and began to push boundaries/borders and fight for unification of certain regions.

-> EX. Germany: Napoleonic Wars led to nationalism which eventually prompted Otto Von Bismarck to unite the 300 individual countries in 1871.

-> EX 2. Argentina: Independence wars led by Jose de San Martin in the 19th century, let to Argentine expansion in the 1880s

na·tion·al·ism

ˈnaSH(ə)nəˌlizəm/

noun

patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.
an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.

N A T I O N A L I S M

John Green!!!

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Rebels Against Imperial Rule

Marathas vs. Mughals:

Located in India
Rose up against the Mughals as their rule began to decline

Taipeng vs. Qing:

Hong Xiuquan, leader of the movement who believed himself to be the brother of Jesus Christ
Wanted to “cleanse” China of the Manchus and establish a new Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace-- this was to be done through military force

America vs. the British:

Taxation w/o Representation, Stamp Act, Proclamation of 1763, Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre
1776- Declaration of Independence, Shot Heard Round the World, Battle of Saratoga, Washington crosses the Delaware, Battle of Yorktown

France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch to a republic which executed the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte

Haiti vs. Britain & France:

Conflicts between slaves and settlers, gained independence from France in 1804

Latin America vs. Spa in & Portugal:

1808-1826, series of wars for independence in various Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America (except Cuba and Puerto Rico* *eventually given to the US after the Spanish-American War)

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REVOLUTION

John Green!!!

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Other Resistance

Slave Rebellions: Maroon Societies in the Caribbean, North Atlantic slave resistance, Underground Railroad

Anti-colonial movements: Indian revolt of 1857 (Sepoy Rebellion- push the British out), Boxer Rebellion in China (push the foreigners out)

Demand for Women’s Rights: feminism, Mary Wollstonecraft, Seneca Falls Conference, Olympe de Gouges

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Map of Migration

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Who Moved? And Where?

Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
Lebanese merchants in the Americas
Manual laborers (slaves, indentured servants, serfs, etc.) forced to relocate
Individuals (specialized professionals) relocated to search for work/opportunities
Tended to be male (women worked in the home)

Moved through the world and set up “ethical enclaves”

EX 1. Chinatown in Washington D.C.
EX 2. Indians in South Africa
EX 3. Little Italy in New York

* Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people (Chinese Exclusion Act, White Australia Policy) across their borders.

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PERIOD 6