AP Exam Review: Population & Migration

Big Themes of Population and Migration

1. How are people distributed across a place’s space?
2. How does population growth rate change over time?
3. What causes population growth rate to change?
4. Why do people migrate?
5. Where do people migrate?

Population Distribution

How are people distributed in a place’s space?

• Arithmetic Density: # of people per unit of land.
• Predict how clustered or dispersed people are.
• Physiological Density: # of people per unit of arable, farmable land.
• Predict how easily people can be fed.
• Agricultural Density: # of farmers per unit of arable, farmable land.
• Predict development based on industrialization of farming.

The map shows the number of people per unit of land. Which of the following types of data are shown in the map?

1. Arithmetic density
2. Physiological density
3. Agricultural density
4. Urban density
5. Suburban density

The map shows the number of people per unit of land. Which of the following types of data are shown in the map?

• Arithmetic density
• Physiological density
• Agricultural density
• Urban density
• Suburban density

Physiological population density differs from arithmetic population density in that physiological density...

1. examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas
2. is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density
3. explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit
4. explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses
5. is the number of people per housing unit, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

Physiological population density differs from arithmetic population density in that physiological density...

• examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas
• is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density
• explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit
• explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses
• is the number of people per housing unit, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

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Population Change

How does population growth rate change over time?

• The Demographic Transition Model tracks natural increase rate (NIR) of a place by comparing birth and death rates.
• NIR tells how fast or slow a population is growing or shrinking.
• Stage 1: Little or no growth
• Stage 2: Rapid growth
• Stage 3: Slowing growth
• Stage 4: Stable or no growth
• Stage 5: Negative growth (decline)

The Demographic Transition Model

• Death rates:
• High in Stage 1.
• Fall most rapidly in Stage 2.
• Slow/level off in Stages 3 & 4.
• Begin to rise in Stage 5.
• Birth Rates:
• High in Stage 1 & 2.
• Fall rapidly in Stage 3.
• Slow/level off in Stage 4.
• Remain low in Stage 5.

What causes population growth rates to change over time?

• The more developed a place, the lower the birth, death, and natural increase rates.
• Birth rates fall as women gain more rights (education, jobs, etc.), increased urbanization (less space in cities), and infant mortality drops.
• Death rates fall as diet improves (less starvation), health care improves (more likely to survive injury or illness), and sanitation improves (less likely to get sick).
• Health care improves leads to a change in the Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM) which tracks causes of death
• In other words, it’s all about changes in a place’s overall development.

Epidemiological Transition Model and Causes of Death

• Better health care and better sanitation leads to falling death rates.
• Causes of death become things that cannot be treated and the result of old age.

The demographic transition is a general model that seeks to explain

1. the relationship between the size of age cohorts and natural population change
2. how variations in population size and food supply can lead to periods of crisis
3. the effects of changes in population size on the gross domestic product
4. variations in population size, population migration rates, and the rate of natural increase
5. how differences in birth and death rates result in natural population change

The demographic transition is a general model that seeks to explain

• the relationship between the size of age cohorts and natural population change
• how variations in population size and food supply can lead to periods of crisis
• the effects of changes in population size on the gross domestic product
• variations in population size, population migration rates, and the rate of natural increase
• how differences in birth and death rates result in natural population change

Predicting Future Population Change

• Population pyramids help make predictions about future increase or decrease.
• Remember: try to find a rectangle.
• The bigger the rectangle, the less the population will grow in the future.
• If the top is bigger than the bottom, the population will decline in the future.

Rectangle up to the mid-30s = DTM Stage 3

More About Population Pyramids

Helps us visualize population trends.

Maps gender & age cohorts in 5 year blocks.

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Place your screenshot here

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Notice that all the cohorts are generally the same size until you get to the cohorts 75 and older. This tells you that the population is relatively stable.

Zimbabwe

Notice that the biggest cohorts are in the pre-reproductive and very early reproductive ages. Once those kids have kids, we can expect Zimbabwe’s population to grow dramatically in the future.

United States

Notice that the largest cohorts are in the post-reproductive ages of 45-69. These people can no longer have children meaning its population will shrink over time.

Croatia

How are governments impacted by population projections?

• Pronatalist policies encourage people to have MORE children (tax breaks, free child care, etc.)
• Anti-natalist policies encourage people to have FEWER children (One Child Policy, forced sterilization, etc.)

In the model shown, the lines for birth rate, death rate, and total population are indicators of a country’s

• cycles of economic boom and bust over time
• level of social and economic development over time
• demographic change following a period of warfare
• demographic change following a period of famine
• demographic change following a period of totalitarian government

In the model shown, the lines for birth rate, death rate, and total population are indicators of a country’s

• cycles of economic boom and bust over time
• level of social and economic development over time
• demographic change following a period of warfare
• demographic change following a period of famine
• demographic change following a period of totalitarian government

A country in the first stage of the demographic transition demonstrates which of the following?

1. An old population age structure
2. High birth rates, but low death rates
3. Low birth rates, low death rates, and low rates of population growth
4. High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth
5. High birth rates, high death rates, and high rates of population growth

A country in the first stage of the demographic transition demonstrates which of the following?

• An old population age structure
• High birth rates, but low death rates
• Low birth rates, low death rates, and low rates of population growth
• High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth
• High birth rates, high death rates, and high rates of population growth

Migration

Why do people migrate?

• Migration = permanent move to a new place.
• Most people are voluntary migrants who choose to move
• Most voluntary migrants move to pursue economic opportunities.
• Involuntary migrants are those who are forced to move.
• Most involuntary migrants are fleeing persecution, war, or natural disaster.

Why do people migrate?

• People are either PUSHED to migrate OUT of an old place or PULLED to migrate INTO a new place.
• Most PUSH factors are because of safety (persecution, war, natural disaster) and create FORCED migrants.
• Most PULL factors are economic and created VOLUNTARY migrants.

Where do people migrate?

• Most migrants move a short distance within their own country.
• Rural to urban migration is the most common.
• International migrants typical move to big cities (Gravity Model)
• Migrants typically move to family, friends, or their culture (chain migration).
• Intervening obstacles can stop a migrant from reaching their goal.

A student who lives in Minneapolis chooses to spend her spring break in Florida rather than in Jamaica because Florida is closer and the plane fare is cheaper. This type of decision-making best illustrates the concept of

1. human capital
2. time space compression
3. intervening opportunities
4. the rank size rule
5. central place theory

A student who lives in Minneapolis chooses to spend her spring break in Florida rather than in Jamaica because Florida is closer and the plane fare is cheaper. This type of decision-making best illustrates the concept of

• human capital
• time space compression
• intervening opportunities
• the rank size rule
• central place theory