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American Transcendentalism

“ It was a high counsel that I once heard given to a young person, always do what you are afraid to do.”

- Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Transcendentalism

  • A literary movement in the 1830’s that established a clear “American voice”.
  • Emerson first expressed his philosophy in his essay “Nature”.
  • A belief in a higher reality than that achieved by human reasoning.
  • Suggests that every individual is capable of discovering this higher truth through intuition.

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  • Unlike Puritans, they saw humans and nature as possessing an innate goodness.

“In the faces of men and women, I see God”

-Walt Whitman

  • Opposed strict ritualism and

dogma of established religion.

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Transcendentalism: The tenets:

  • Believed in living close to nature/importance of nature. Nature is the source of truth and inspiration.
  • Taught the dignity of manual labor
  • Advocated self-trust/ confidence
  • Valued individuality/non-conformity/free thought
  • Advocated self-reliance/ simplicity

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The first transcendentalists

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson
  • Margaret Fuller
  • Henry David Thoreau
  • Bronson Alcott

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“Self-reliance” -Emerson

“There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation in suicide…”

“Trust thyself…”

“What I must do is

all that concerns me,

not what people think…”

“…to be great is to be misunderstood”

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“Nature”

  • Thoreau began “essential” living
  • Built a cabin on land owned to Emerson in Concord, Mass. near Walden Pond
  • Lived alone there

for two years studying

nature and seeking

truth within himself

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“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.”

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“Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.”

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“Still we live meanly like ants.”�“Our life is frittered away by detail.”�“Why should we live with such hurry and waste of life?”�“Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity. I say, let your affairs be as two or three and not a hundred or a thousand.”

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Individuality

“How deep the ruts of tradition and conformity.”

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“If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music he hears, however measured or far away.”

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“Civil Disobedience”

  • Thoreau’s essay urging passive, non-violent resistance to governmental policies to which an individual is morally opposed.
  • Influenced individuals such a Ghandi, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Cesar Chavez

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“[If injustice] is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law. Let your life be the friction to stop the machine.”

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