INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
R. RAGUPATHY
OBJECTIVES
DEFINITION
ANATOMY
•Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts.
PHYSIOLOGY
•Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole
The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity :
1- Chemical level , the simplest level of structural ladder .At this level atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, & proteins
2- Cellular level the smallest units ofliving things .
3- Tissue level , groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 basic types)
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
4- Organ level, an organ is a structure composed of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific function .
5-Organ System is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose (each organ has its own job to do)
6- Organismal level , represents the highest level of structural organization( total of 11 organ systems)
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
THE PLANES OF THE BODY
cavities
BODY
cavities
BODY
Abdominopelvic Regions
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
The circulatory system functions like an intricate network of roads within our body. Its primary role is to transport blood, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to every corner of our body. The heart acts as the pump that maintains the flow of blood, while the blood vessels serve as the pathways that facilitate its movement.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system primarily focuses on the process of breathing. When we inhale, our lungs expand to take in air, allowing oxygen from the atmosphere to enter our bodies. This oxygen is crucial for the proper functioning of our cells. Upon exhaling, we release carbon dioxide, which is a byproduct of our body's processes.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The digestive system is like a food factory in our body. It takes in food that we eat, breaks it down into tiny pieces, and then absorbs the nutrients from the food to give us energy. The parts of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The muscular system plays a crucial role in facilitating all our movements. Muscles act like tiny machines within our bodies, enabling us to run, jump, and engage in play. When we decide to move, our brain transmits a signal to our muscles, which then collaborate to make that movement possible.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The nervous system functions as the body's central control hub. It comprises the brain, which acts as the leader, and the nerves, which serve as messengers. The brain directs the body's actions, while the nerves transmit these messages to various parts of the body.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system serves as the body's structural framework. It is made up of all our bones, which give support and shape to our bodies. Without bones, we would resemble jellyfish! Additionally, bones safeguard our organs and facilitate movement.
IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system functions like a superhero, defending us against germs and other harmful agents that can cause illness. It consists of specialized cells and organs that collaborate to protect our well-being, constantly adapting to recognize and neutralize new threats, while also remembering past invaders to respond more efficiently in the future.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is like the body's messaging system. It includes glands like the thyroid and pancreas, which release hormones. Hormones are like tiny messengers that travel through our bloodstream to tell different parts of our body what to do.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The excretory system is like the body's cleaning crew. It's responsible for getting rid of waste and toxins from our body. The main organs in this system are the kidneys, which filter waste from our blood and turn it into urine. In addition to the kidneys, the lungs, skin, and liver also play vital roles in eliminating different types of waste from the body.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system plays a crucial role in the creation of new humans. In females, it comprises the ovaries, which generate eggs, and the uterus, where a baby can develop. In males, it consists of the testes, responsible for producing sperm.