Black Ships Before Troy

The Story of the Iliad

By: Rosemary Sutcliff

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xIwpthhk6qouVK24Vo7lL1C-0-8G8nQXytHdlaG057M/edit

Character Map for Chapter 1

King Priam

Queen Hecuba

Paris

King Menelaus

Helen

TROJANS

GREEKS

GODDESSES

Eris

Athene

Hera

Aphrodite

Ch. 1 The Golden Apple

Setting- Time and place

• Time: Trojan War, time lapses over 20 yrs
• Place: The wedding of Peleus and Thetis, Troy, Menelaus’s castle (across the Aegean Sea). Sparta

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Ch. 1 vocabulary

• Mortal (1 & 6)- “...among the mortal hosts came all the gods…” & “...Helen...the most beautiful of all mortal women.”- (adj.) earthly; human
• Discord (1) “...the goddess of discord, had been left out because wherever she went she took trouble with her…” - (n.) upset; lack of order
• Avenge (2) “...yet here she was, all the same, and in her blacksest mood, to avenge the insult.” - (v.) retaliate; take revenge
• Surpassed (2) “...the beauty of wisdom such as hers surpassed all else.” - (v.) exceeded; went beyond all others
• Realms (3) “Priam, who was now king, was lord of wide realms…” - (n.) kingdoms; empires
• Suitors (6) …”many kings and princes had wished to marry her...Her father...gave her to Menalaus. Yet, because he feared trouble between her suitors at a later time…” (n.) man who desires to marry a particular woman

Characters (at the wedding)-

• All the gods of high Olympus
• EXCEPT ONE:
• Eris- the goddess of DISCORD
• Three goddesses (fight for the apple):

(1) Hera- wife of Zeus; queen of all gods

(2) Athena- goddess of wisdom

(3) Aphrodite- goddess of beauty

Events (at Wedding):

• Eris crashes the party
• tosses a golden apple on the table
• “To the Fairest”
• breathes one time on the guests
• vanishes
• Three goddesses fight for the apple
• They all go back to Olympus (no winner yet)

Characters (in Troy)

• Priam (king) + Hecuba (queen) = Paris (son)
• prophecy= “ son will burn down Troy”
• Solution = throw him in woods & leave to die
• Reality = herdsman found him & raised him
• Paris + Oenone (e NO knee) (wood nymph)

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Events (in Troy):

• (18 yrs. pass) Paris grows up strong and talented
• Marries Oenone
• Goddesses throw apple down
• Paris picks up apple
• Goddesses make him choose
• Paris chooses Aphrodite, enticed by her promise (a wife)
• Aphrodite uses her powers for Paris and his mom to meet
• Paris is welcomed home

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Characters (Another Wedding):

• Menelaus (king of Sparta) + Helen (mortal princess)
• FORESHADOWING: Helen’s father feared trouble, so made all of her suitors promise to stand by her husband if need be
• Lasting friendship with Odysseus

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Events (Another Wedding):

• Paris leaves Oenone to see Helen
• King welcomes him
• Paris lies about why he is there
• Helen & Paris immediately fall in love
• Helen runs away with Paris
• FORESHADOWING: …”from that came all the sorrows to follow” (pg. 10)

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Packet pages for “The Golden Apple” pgs. 1 & 2

True Love

Sketch goes here

Who dropped the apple and why?

Eris, the goddess of discord dropped it for not being invited to the wedding.

What did the note on the apple say?

“to the fairest”

Which goddess picked up the apple? Explain why each thought SHE deserved it.

Hera - b/c she was wife of Zeus

Athene - b/c she was the wisest

Aphrodite - b/c she was most beautiful

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1

5

8

3

7

2

6

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You will give birth to a firebrand who will burn down Troy.

Ch. 2 Ship-Gathering

Setting:

• Time: same as ch. 1
• Place: King Menelaus’s palace in Sparta, Greece, High Seas, City of Troy

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Ch. 2 vocabulary

• Grief (11) “the black grief and the red rage came upon him, and he sent word of the wrong done him and a furious call to his brother…” - (n.) sorrow; deep anguish; heartbreak.
• Vengeance (12) “...take vengeance upon Troy, whose prince had taken her away.” - (n.) revenge; a punishment in return for wrong someone committed. To avenge.

Ch. 2 Characters:

• King Menelaus
• Agamemnon- brother of Menelaus; High King
• Achilles- son of Thetis & King Peleus
• Prophecy: forever safe when dipped in river
• Solution: Paris dips all but his ankle
• Outcome: Achilles’s heel remains unprotected

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Ch. 2 Events:

• King Menelaus summons all the great men and ships to get Helen back
• Achilles's mother sends him to hide with the maidens
• But, Odysseus tricks Achilles to coming out of hiding with the lure of a golden sword

Packet - Ch. 2“Ship Gathering” Pg. 3

What mistake did Achilles’ mother make when following through on the god’s promise?

She held onto his heel when dipping him into the river, and the water did not protect where she held him.

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Ever since, Thetis feared for Achilles. Her extreme solution was to disguise and hide him amongst whom? (page 13)

He was dressed as one of the maidens and hidden among the king’s daughters.

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Sketch goes here

Packet - Summarizing

Answers to this part on the next two slides

The childhood of Paris (p.3):

He was left in the wilderness to die.

Recruiting Achilles to join the war (p.13):

He was hidden among the maidens.

Summarizing

he chose short life, long fame

Achilles was being hidden and was under a spell

the best warriors to help him get Helen back

sailed off to fight for Greece

she hid him so he wouldn’t be killed in battle

Odysseus used a clever plan to reveal Achilles’ identity

Achilles woke from the spell and joined the mission

his mother told him the soothsayer’s message

the place she held him left him weak on his heel

Odysseus had a plan to reveal Achilles

to protect Achilles by dipping him in the river Styx

to join the men in battle against Troy

Wanted... But... So… Then...

Summarizing (Moore’s packet)

Joined the war

Paris stole her

Helen back

Fights for Greece

Sent him to hid with the maidens

Odysseus enticed him with a sword

Gathered ships and head to Troy

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his mother

She accidently forgot his ankle

Going to war

Achilles’s safety

Short life, long fame

Ch. 3 Quarrel with the High King

Setting:

• Time: tenth year of the war
• Place:
• High Seas (approaching Troy)
• along the coast of Troy, just outside the city walls; in the Greek camp

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Vocabulary and Historical Information

war-host (p.17) - the army

high walls (of Troy) (p.17) - the city of Troy was protected by high walls with large, impenetrable gates

Greek war methods - Warriors would raid cities/towns and take whatever plunder they desired from the people there. The warriors would then return to their camp with the spoils of war.

death-fires (p.18) - burial rituals of the Greeks often involved cremation of the deceased warriors

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Ch. 3 New Characters

GREEKS

Prince Protesilaus - the first Greek to die in the Trojan War

Calchas- Greek soothsayer

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TROJANS

Hector - the war-leader and favorite son of King Priam (also, Paris’s older brother)

Chryseis- beautiful maiden that was captured and awarded to Agamemnon

Briseis - beautiful maiden that was captured and awarded to Achilles

Ch. 3 Main Events

• The Greeks land on the beaches of Troy
• The first Greek, Prince Protesilaus dies
• The Greeks drive back the Trojans and set up camp outside the city walls
• 9 years pass
• The Greeks raid and plunder other towns
• they kidnap two beautiful maidens - Chryseis and Briseis
• Chryseis goes to Agamemnon and Briseis to Achilles
• Chryseis’s father, a priest of Apollo, begs for the return of his daughter
• Sickness hits the Greek camp (thanks to Apollo), so Chryseis is returned
• Agamemnon takes Briseis from Achilles
• Achilles is ANGRY, confronts Agamemnon, then swears not to fight with him anymore

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Name Sort

GREEKS

• Menelaus
• Helen
• Agamemnon
• Odysseus
• Achilles
• Patroclus
• Ajax
• Myrmidons
• Athena
• Poseidon
• Hera

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TROJANS

• King Priam
• Queen Hecuba
• Paris
• Hector
• Rhesus
• Amazons
• Aphrodite
• Apollo
• Zeus

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Ch. 3 Questions (from packet)

1. What was the name of the “first man to die in the long war of Troy?” (17)
1. Prince Protesilaus was first to die.
2. How long would the Greeks stay and fight in Troy? (17)\
• The Greeks had been fighting for 10 years
3. Compare/Contrast the fighting tactics of the Greeks and the Trojans. (17-18)
• The Greeks set up camp along the coast and raided other smaller cities; the Trojans stayed inside their walls and only came out for small battles
4. Who were Chryseis and Briseis? (18)
• They were maidens taken by the Greeks as “spoils of war.” Chryseis (daughter of Apolloś priest) is given to Agamemnon; Briseis is given to Achilles.
5. Why did Apollo send a fever to spread across the Greeks? (18-19)
• Apollo sent it to punish them on behalf of Chryseis’s father.
6. Summarize the conflict between Achilles and the High King (19-20). In your summary, include the emotional state of Achilles and Briseis.
• The High King took Briseis from Achilles, which angered Achilles and saddened Briseis. Achilles refused to fight for the king and went down to the seashore and cried. Meanwhile, Briseis wept in the hall of the king.

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Ch. 3 Questions (from packet)

Epithets

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Hector (18): war-leader

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Athena (19): grey-eyed

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Achilles (19): hottest-hearted

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Thetis (21): of the silver-feet

Ch. 4 Single Combat

Setting:

• Time: 12 days after Briseis was taken from Achilles
• Place:
• along the coast, just outside the city walls of Troy; in the Greek camp
• inside the city walls of Troy; on the roof of a gate tower

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Ch. 4 Main Events

(review BEFORE reading)

• Thetis pleads to Zeus on behalf of her son, Achilles
• Agamemnon has a dream that Zeus promises him victory if the attacks Troy the next day
• Agamemnon wakes, but is reluctant
• Agamemnon tests his army by offering to send them home
• Odysseus takes charge and gives a memorable and moving speech
• The Greeks charge to the gates, and the Trojans pour out to meet them in battle
• Paris shouts a challenge and Menelaus answers
• a formal bargain is made to end the war, and both prepare to fight to the death
• Helen prepares to watch as King Priam comforts her

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Ch. 4 Main Events

(review these AFTER reading)

• Paris and Menelaus square off
• Paris gets to throw his spear first, but misses
• Menelaus drives his spear into Paris’s shield
• Menelaus rushes to Paris, but breaks his blade when it hits the bronze helmet
• Menelaus grabs Paris by the horsehair on his helmet and begins to drag him, but Aphrodite causes the chin strap to break and then hides Paris with the cloak of invisibility
• Aphrodite approaches Helen and threatens her if she leaves Paris
• Helen tongue-lashes Paris
• Paris reminds her of the love he has given her
• Aphrodite uses her magic to return Helen to Paris’s arms

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Ch. 4 Activity

• ETHOS - Credibility
• trustworthiness or reputation
• tone/style
• PATHOS- Emotion
• emotional or imaginative impact
• stories
• LOGOS - Logic
• reasoning or argumentation
• facts, figures, case studies

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Mrs. Cole’s class did not do this page…

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However, if you want to fill it out, the answers are on the next page

Ch. 4 Activity

Zeus

let the Trojans win so the Greeks would feel the loss of Achilles

“Please Zeus, let the Greeks feel a loss so they will know just how valuable my son is to their victory.”

His army

restore fresh heart in them

“Men, the time has come for us to go home. This has lasted too long. Let’s go see our wives and children.”

Paris

build courage in him to finish this war

“You coward! Be a man and end this thing! Fight for her and she will remain with you.”

Ch. 5 The Women of Troy

Setting:

• Time: Same day as the duel between Menelaus and Paris
• Place:
• on the battlefield outside the gates of Troy
• Inside the city; inside the high chamber

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Ch. 5 New Characters

GREEKS

Diomedes - originally was a suitor of Helen; a fierce warrior

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TROJANS

Pandarus- a Trojan ally

Sarpedon - Lord of the Lycians. leader of all the Trojan allies

Aeneas - a hero of Troy

Andromache - wife of Hector

Astyanax - Hector’s son

Ch. 5 Main Events

• Athene intervenes and causes the battle to continue
• Taking the advice of a soothsayer, Hector returns to the city
• Speaks to his mother, Hecuba
• Has words with Paris and Helen
• Goes to see his wife, Andromache, and his baby son, Astyanax

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ANSWERS FOUND ON NEXT SLIDE

ANSWERS FOUND ON SLIDE 38

Mrs. Cole’s class did not get to this - may leave blank

Women of Troy Ch. 5 Superwomen Trading Cards

Athene

What issue is she facing? Help the Greeks

How does she handle the problem? She encourages Pandarus and Menelaus to fight

What is her Woman Superpower? Persuasion

Helen

What issue is she facing? She must urge her husband (Paris) to fight.

How does she handle the problem? She shames him.

What is her Woman Superpower? Determination

Andromache

What issue is she facing?Her husband, Hector,is going off to war, while she and her baby are worried that he will die.

How does she handle the problem? She begs him to stay, but he leaves.

What is her Woman Superpower? Bravery

Ch. 5 Questions (from packet)

• Who shot Menelaus and why? (32)
• Pandarus shot him because Athene put the idea in his head.
• When a soldier was killed, what was considered the enemies “right of conquest?” (34)
• The enemy had the right to the armor.
• Who was winning this stage of the war - the Greeks or the Trojans? (34-35)
• The Greeks were winning at this stage of the war.
• What did a soothsayer instruct Hector to do and why? (35)
• The soothsayer told him to go back to his mother and tell her to gather the women to pray to Athene. This is because the Trojans are losing the war.
• What thought worries Hector the most as he prepares to go back to war? (38)
• He is worried that Troy will be defeated and his wife will become captive.
• Why was Hector’s son scared of him? What did Hector do to put his son at ease? What does this action reveal about Hector’s character?
• Hector’s helmet scared his son. He removed it. He loves his family.
• “Dear, cease the weeping. Go back to your women and set them to women’s work. War is the work for men.” Please write your initial thoughts about this statement by Hector. Are they comforting, loving, offensive, brave….. and explain.

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Ch. 6 The High King’s Embassy

Setting:

• Time: same day
• Place:
• on the battlefield outside the gates of Troy
• Greek camp

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Ch. 6 New Characters

GREEKS

Ajax - courageous Greek warrior

Phoenix- a Myrmidon, led by Achilles

Patroclus- the close friend, and sword companion, of Achilles

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TROJANS

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Ch. 6 Main Events

• The Trojans drive the Greek army back
• Athene stops the fighting by letting Hector and Ajax challenge each other
• Hector and Ajax decide to stop their fighting for the day, exchange gifts (a sword and a belt), and part ways as friends to show their mutual respect
• A truce is called the next day to bury their dead
• Fighting resumed the following day
• The High King suggested going home, but wise old Nestor, a soothsayer, said they only need Achilles back.
• An embassy was sent to meet Achilles, but he said that he wouldn’t come back.

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They exchanged gifts; parted as friends

The Greeks were back at their ships

He felt Zeus was against them

Nestor and Diomedes said to get Achilles

Write a simple letter to Achilles here!

She creates a single combat

Hector

challenge to single combat

Fights Ajax but they depart as friends

I care nothing for the High King’s gifts

Ch. 7 The Horse’s of King Rhesus

Setting:

• Time: at night
• Place:
• the Greek camp
• the Thracian camp

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Ch. 7 New Characters

GREEKS

Nestor- a king fighting with the Greeks; often sought out for his advice

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TROJANS

Dolon- young and foolish man; loved horses

King Rhesus - Thracian king; an ally to the Trojans

Ch. 7 Main Events

• Agamemnon and Menelaus decide to send a spy over to the Trojan camp
• they consult Nestor, who agrees
• Odysseus and Diomedes go off to spy, but on the way they encounter a Trojan straggler (Dolon)
• they get information from him
• they travel to the camp of a Trojan ally where they steal horses and kill their king

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In certain situations any method of achieving your objective is justifiable.

1. immortal
2. only Achilles can drive them
3. fast

Your opinion

murdering Dolon & the king

stealing the horses of King Rhesus

Ch. 8 Red Rain

Setting:

• Time: the next day (after the horses were taken)
• Place:
• the Greek camp

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Ch. 8 New Characters

GREEKS

Machaon- a Greek warrior

Hecamede - one of the king’s captive women

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TROJANS

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Ch. 8 Main Events

• The Greeks wake up in a good mood even though there is red rain, which is a bad omen.
• In battle, Agamemnon, Diomedes, and Odysseus are wounded and then their chief healer Machaon is also injured.
• Nestor tells Patroclus that there should be a replacement for Achilles.

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Answers on next slide

Ch. 8 Red Rain Lighting bolt questions (from packet)

1. Who was Zeus supporting in this war? How do you know?
1. Zeus spread black clouds and red blood rain over the Greek camps, which demonstrated his support of the Trojans.
2. Allusion: Why don’t they want to wake up Pan?
• They don’t want to wake him because he is s the god of the wild animals.
3. Which of Hector’s relatives did Agamemnon kill?
• Agamemnon killed two of Hector’s brothers.
4. Explain the meaning behind this section’s title.
• The title “Red Rain” describes the bad omen set upon the Greeks by Zeus.
5. List three individuals who got hurt during this battle
• Agamemnon, and Diomedes, and Odysseus,
6. What did the “old king” suggest Patroclus should do to help the Greeks?
• The old king suggest Patroclus should disguise himself as Achilles and go out to battle.
7. Copy an exact quote that reflects what Achilles was doing during the battle.
• “ All this while Achilles had been standing in the high stern of the ship, watching how the fighting went, and making no move of his own” (60).

Ch. 9 Battle for the Ships -VOCABULARY

• Ramparts (63)”...throwing rocks and spears from the ramparts on either side… “- an embankment (pile of dirt) that is used to protect or defend.
• Omen (63) “...they took this for an evil omen”- (n. ) a sign that is believed to predict the future
• Parapet (64) “...the Greeks made another parapet of their own shields…”- (n.) a low protective wall
• Spoils (67) “Go straight for the ships and leave the spoils of war!”- (n.) the property taken from the victims after a battle victory.
• Pikes (67) “...sought to drive them back with long pikes used in a sea fight. - (n.) a long spear used by a soldier
• Frenzy (67) “The battle frenzy shone red…” - (n.) a state of being in wild excitement.

Ch. 9 Battle for the Ships

Setting

• Battlefield

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Ch. 9 New Characters

GREEKS

Poseidon- brother to Zeus and lord of the sea.

TROJANS

Asios- the most headstrong of all the Trojans

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Ch. 9 Main Events

• The battle rages on
• Zeus drops a snake momentarily distracting the Trojans
• Zeus powers the Trojans right into the Greek camp
• Poseidon offers help to the desperate Greeks
• Apollo offers help to Hector
• Hector commands everyone to attack the ships and set them on fire
• He sets fire to the Greek ships

Battle of the Bros

• Zeus- called on Apollo to breathe fresh life in Hector p.66
• Poseidon- rose serpents up against the Trojans and energize the Greek army

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Writing Prompt: Which god, Zeus or Poseidon had the greatest impact on this battle? Use two pieces of textual evidence to back up your choice.

Simile- using “like” or “as” to compare two unlike things

• (63) Sarpedon & Glaucus- “like mountain lions”
• (66) Hector & ready to attack “like a storm cloud”
• (68) Ajax as a fighter “like riding four horses”

Ch. 10 The Armor of Achilles Vocabulary

• Folly (69) “Or do you week for the Greeks dying beside their ships in payment for their own folly?”- (n) having a lack of good sense or understanding; foolishness.
• Lurched (71) “...and the Trojans saw the armor and horses of Achilles thundering in the lead, and their hearts lurched and sickened within them.” - (v) to suddenly and unexpectedly move.
• Quenched (71) “And in a while the ships were clear from the fires and quenched…” - (v) to put out
• Outstripping (72) “...he raced on, slaying as he went, outstriping the Mymidons until, alone, he reached the walls of Troy. - (v) to leave behind or run faster
• Retreat (75) “...Ajax and his companions covered their retreat with broad shields and darting shields.” - (n) the act of withdrawal of military force.

Literary devices

Foreshadowing (71)- “And Zeus heard the prayer, and granted one half of it, and refused the other.”

Ch. 10 The Armor of Achilles

Setting

• The camp of the Myrmidons
• Achilles’s (Greek) ship

Ch. 10 Events

• Patroclus disguise himself in Achilles’s armor and go to battle.
• Patroclus is killed in a joint effort by Apollo and Hector
• The Greeks demanded a proper burial

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Armor Symbolism (Shield)

1. Protection
2. Fear
3. Honor

Characters impacted (skirt)

1. Patroclus
2. Hector
3. Apollo

Who created Achilles’s armor? Hephaestus is the god of the forge, blacksmith, and craftsmen

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This should be YOUR opinion

Ch. 11 New Characters

GREEKS

Antilochus Warrior, Son of Nestor

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TROJANS

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Ch. 11 Vengeance for Patroclus Events

• Antilochus brings word to Achilles of Patroclus’s death
• Achilles wants revenge, but does not have his armour
• His mother, Thetis, will ask Hephaestus (lord of all armorers) to make him a new set
• Odysseus encourages Agamemnon and Achilles to reconcile before going into battle
• So at last, peace was made between them
• As Achilles mounted his chariot, his horse, Xanthus, with the power of Hera, bowed his head and spoke to Achilles
• At first, Hector runs from Achilles, but then stops to fight
• Achilles wins the battle, killing Hector
• On his deathbed, Hector begs for a proper burial, but Achilles denies him the wish
• Achilles does a hideous thing with Hector’s body, dragging it behind his chariot.

refused to fight

holds to his promise not to fight

lets Patroclus wear his armor to fight

Mrs. Cole’s class did not get to this.

Answers to this part on next slide

On the shield, draw at least four of the following:

lion hunt, seas, cities, vineyards, cornfields, people dancing to music

1. In what way does Achilles’ mom, Thetis, help him prepare to fight Hector (77)
1. Thetis helped him prepare by having Hepheastus make Achilles a new set of armor.
2. What action did Achilles do that lead to the Myrmidons retrieving Patroclus’ body?
• Achilles scared the Trojans by standing on the ramparts and shouting at them.
3. Why do you think Odysseus demands that Achilles make peace with Agamemnon before going to war? (79-80)
• Odysseus knew this was the honorable thing to do.
4. How is Achilles’ horse able to talk?? What does Achilles’ horse, Xanthus, tell him? (80)
• Hera gives Xanthus the ability to tell Achilles that even with his speed, Achilles life will not be saved.
5. Why did Hector “stay” at the gate, ready to fight? (81)
• Hector stayed at the gate because he knew that his doom was upon him, and that he must pay his life for all the men who died the night before.
6. What was Hector’s final request? (82) Why do you think this is important to him?
• Hector’s final request was to allow his father to have his body so he could be buried with honor.
7. According to Hector, who is going to kill Achilles? Does this surprise you-explain? (83)
• Hector said that Paris would kill Achilles.
8. What does Achilles do instead of granting Hector’s final request? What is your reaction to this?
• Achilles drags the body of Hector behind his chariot to deny him the honor he requested in his final moments of life. I think Achilles has lost his mind!

Ch. 11 Questions (from packet)

Ch. 12 Events

• Hector’s mother and wife come to mourn
• Patroclus’s ghost comes to visit Achilles in a dream
• Achilles give Patroclus a proper burial
• Burial games ensue
• Achilles drug Hector’s body behind his chariot for 12 days, while Apollo protects Hector’s body

Funeral Games Ch. 12 (packet) pg. 18 ?’s

1. What would happen to Hector if he was not given the proper burial rites (85)?
1. He would wander lonely and uncomforted in the borderlands between the living and the dead.
2. Where were the ashes of Patroclus stored (86)? What is significant about this object (86)?
• They were put in a golden cup and set into a chamber of stones.
• It was the same cup he and Achilles often drank from together.
3. What request did Achilles make regarding his own death (86-87)?
• Achilles wanted his ashes mixed in the same cup as Patroclus.
4. Find a quote that explains why Achilles continued to drag Hector’s body long after his death (89).
• “But there was no comfort for him in the new morning…”
5. What were the gods’ reactions to Achilles treatment of Hector? Why do you think they cared so much about this particular action (90)? The gods were angry and agreed that Achilles was dishonoring himself, his friend, and the earth itself. Achilles is taking the honor out of warfare.

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Hector was… young, dearest, beloved, never bitter, gentle, kind

Ch. 13 events

• All the gods take notice of Achilles poor treatment of Hector’s body
• Hector’s father, Priam, comes and asks for his son’s body back
• Achilles agrees
• Hector’s body is taken home
• Hector’s wife, Andromache, leads the lamenting
• Achilles grants an 11 day truce to allow a proper burial for Hector

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Ransom for Hector Ch. 13 (packet pg. 18)

1. Look at the first full paragraph on pg. 92. What hurtful thing did Hector’s father say to Paris and his other son, Deiphobus?
1. Priam, in his great grief, yelled at Paris and Deiphobus, wishing they were dead instead of Hector.
2. How did the gods Iris (91-92) and Hermes (92-93) help in retrieving Hector’s body from Achilles?
• Iris encouraged Priam into visiting Achilles and Hermes put a sleep spell into the eyes of all who might see Priam pass in the night.
3. Looking back a the interaction between Priam and Achilles- what do you think had the largest impact on Achilles change of heart? Copy down one sentence to support your opinion (93).
• Priam asks Achilles to have pity on him and then says, “Think of your own father…”
4. Read the comments family and friends made about Hector at his funeral (94-95). Surround his picture with KEY WORDS that describe him.
• Never bitter or ungentle, nearest to my heart, brother, beloved, dearest, kind heart, gentle words, friend, too young

Ch. 14 events

• Odysseus had the idea of going to get the King Delo's daughters, but he was actually on his way to go get the Luck of Troy.
• Odysseus dressed as a beggar and went around telling stories.
• He stole Nestor's golden cup and he was whipped for it.
• Helen brought the beggar to her and Paris's house and she ran a bath for him.
• She realized he is not a "beggar" and he is really Odysseus.
• Odysseus went and got to the temple that held the "Luck of Troy" and returned to the Greek camp with it.
• The Greeks were surprised since the journey did not take as nearly as long as they thought it would and the princesses weren't with him. Then, Odysseus showed them the "Luck of Troy."

​

Ch. 14

Luck

of

Troy

​

p.19 of

packet

Odysseus comes up with a plan

“sails” away to Delos to get 3 princesses

stole gold cup from Nestor

got hit and kicked

START

shows up to Greek camp disguised as a beggar

reveals his identity to Helen

takes a bath and gets fresh clothes

goes into Helen’s home with her

sees Helen and tells her he knows of her family

sleeps in the temple of Athene

goes into the city to beg

Helen gives him food, sword, & vial of sleeping potion

walks back to the Greek camp

walks out of Troy

leaves the temple

puts the vial on the floor for the priestess to find and drink

Shows the Luck of Troy

begged and told stories

got whipped outside the gates of Troy

takes the Palladium and replaces it with a fake

shows the guards the food he had

Ch. 15 events

• Paris lead the Amazons to Troy
• Penthesilea the queen of the Amazons lead the Trojans to battle and took Hector's place.
• Achilles fought back and killed her not knowing that she was a woman.
• When Achilles realized that she was not a man but a woman and wept over her body.
• The Greeks did not take the Amazon's armor they sent their bodies back to King Priam respectfully.

​

Warrior Women - p. 20 of packet

Why do you think the Greeks treated the bodies of the maidens so differently than they had treated Hector’s body?

The Greeks marveled at how young and fair they were, and looked upon their bright hair spilled about and felt pity.

Why do you think this is?

They didn’t see the maidens as monsters, or as evil men seeking to dishonor them. It was not like the anger they felt towards Hector.

1. What did Penthesilea accidentally do to her sister, Hippolyta (109)?

Penthesilea had accidentally hit Hippolyta with a spear when they were hunting.

• What was Penthesilea’s goal? What did she want to do more than anything (110)?

She wanted to die, but to do so with glory in battle.

• Describe the fight between Achilles and Penthesilea. Who won (112-113)?

She threw her spear at Achilles, but it bounced off his shield. He then drove his spear through her chest, and then he stabbed her horse. Achilles had won and Penthesilea was dead.

Ch. 16 events

• King Memnon and the Ethiopians set out to help the Trojans to help them fight the Greeks.
• King Memnon went out to war and killed Antilochus, the son of Nestor and then faced Achilles.
• Achilles killed King Memnon.
• Paris knocked an arrow at Achilles and the arrow hit Achilles heel his only weakness and the arrow killed Achilles. Therefore what Hector foretold was right Paris did kill Achilles at that same gate.
• Odysseus and Ajax each took part in taking Achilles back to the ships. The Greeks agreed to give Achilles armor to Odysseus which angered Ajax since he also helped bring back Achilles body.
• In Ajax's rage he killed sheep blindly when he was done he was so ashamed that he killed himself.

​

Death of Achilles - p. 21 of packet

**Write these summary sentences for the boxes, and then sketch an illustration to match each event being featured.

Ch. 17 events

• The Greeks mourned over Ajax's death
• To win the war, Calchus, the soothsayer, told the Greeks they must go to Lemnos and seek the archer Philoctetes. (Philoctetes had fought a dragon but the dragon bit his foot but Philoctetes was still able to kill the dragon. The venom in his wound made Philoctetes very ill and his cries kept the Greeks up during the night.)
• Diomedes and Odysseus found Philoctetes in a cave and brought him back to the Greeks
• Philoctetes used his arrows when he went to battle with Paris
• He then shot a poisoned arrow at Paris
• Then Paris ordered his men to take him to Oeone. Paris begged for Oenone's forgiveness but Oenone did not forgive him since he left her for someone that was more fair than her and told Paris to go to Helen.
• Oenone changed her mind and looked for Paris but he was not there she was too late.
• Oenone looked for Paris and then she saw the burning funeral pyre and saw that he was dead she wanted to be with Paris so she jumped into the fire.
• The Trojans put the mingled ashes into one gold cup and buried it.
• The wood nymphs planted two Briar roses at the grave and over time the flowers braided to become one.

​

Poisoned Arrow - p. 22 in packet (answers may vary)

to take down the Trojans

Philoctetes

after Achilles died

from Lemnos to Troy

to kill Paris

“The word of the gods is that we shall not take Troy without his aid”

used a poisoned arrow

Philoctetes

killed Paris with a poison arrow

after coming to the Greek camp

at the gates of Troy

to use his archery skills to kill Paris

the poisoned arrow grazed the hand of Paris

“...but within 3 heartbeats of time the poison was about its work.”

Chapter 18 - The Wooden Horse

Setting:

Time - Some time after the death of Paris

Place -The Greek camp

The Wooden Horse - p. 23 in packet

1. What may have been the reasons the Trojans did not return Helen to Menelaus?
1. It was dishonorable.
2. They feared she would be killed
2. What did Calchas see in his vision and what did it mean?
• He saw a hawk chasing a dove.
• This gave him the idea of taking Troy by cunning measures.
3. What did Menelaus offer Odysseus IF his plan worked? What did Odysseus want instead? What do you think Odysseus is going to ask for?
• He offered Odysseus one of his own cities.
• Instead, Odysseus wants a gift that will not cost gold nor land.
• I think he will ask for...
4. What was the name of the man who did not trust the Trojan horse? What did Poseidon do to this man and why?
• Laocoon did not trust the Trojan Horse.
• Poseidon sent his serpents to kill him because he put a spear through Athena’s gift.
5. What was the name of the woman who did not trust the Trojan Horse? Why didn’t they listen to her?
• Cassandra did not trust the gift.
• No one listened because they were too busy celebrating.

The Wooden Horse - p. 23 in packet

Explain how the following contributed to the Trojan Horse plan:

• Athena and Odysseus
• Athena gave Odysseus the idea
• Epeius
• built the horse
• Sinon
• stayed behind to tell the Trojans about the horse

Chapter 19 - The Fall of Troy

Setting:

Time - The day the horse was brought in to Troy

Place -Inside the walls of Troy

The Fall of Troy - p. 24 in packet