Metode Statistika
Dadan Kusnandar, Ph.D.
dkusnand@untan.ac.id
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Pokok bahasan
Bahan Bacaan:
Kusnandar, D., Debataraja, N.N, Mara, M.N. dan Satyahadewi,N. 2019. Metode Statistika serta Aplikasinya dengan Minitab,Excel dan R. Untan Press, Pontianak
Hamilton, L.C. 1992. Regression with Graphics: A Second Course in Applied Statistics. Duxbury Press. Belmont
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Pendahuluan�
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Awal perkembangan Statistik
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Pemerintah/ Penguasa
Statistik
Statistik = angka/ tabel/ grafik?!
Definisi
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Cabang Ilmu Statistik(a)
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Statistik(a)
Statistik Deskriptif:
Statistik Inferensial:
Bio-Statistics/ Biometry
Econometrics
Medical Statistics
Industrial Statistics
Geo-Statistics
…?-Statistics
Data
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Skala pengukuran data
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Teknik Pengumpulan Data
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Peringatan:
Data yang cacat = sampah!!!
Exploratory Data Analysis�
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Data Mentah
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5,25 | 8,95 | 9,80 | 10,65 | 5,45 | 10,45 | 11,05 | 8,60 | 12,40 | 11,20 | 7,60 | 5,55 | 10,10 | 9,35 | 5,30 |
12,25 | 12,00 | 8,90 | 8,25 | 8,05 | 9,30 | 4,60 | 11,05 | 8,85 | 8,55 | 8,25 | 6,55 | 10,60 | 10,00 | 9,30 |
8,55 | 4,40 | 14,25 | 12,65 | 7,95 | 12,40 | 8,90 | 10,35 | 9,65 | 10,25 | 4,50 | 12,40 | 9,20 | 10,85 | 4,35 |
9,95 | 9,20 | 9,75 | 7,55 | 12,15 | 4,85 | 6,45 | 9,75 | 10,84 | 10,65 | 8,55 | 6,10 | 11,05 | 7,20 | 12,15 |
8,15 | 8,85 | 8,55 | 10,25 | 10,65 | 7,55 | 8,35 | 11,05 | 10,15 | 13,90 | 2,95 | 6,85 | 11,25 | 9,40 | 11,15 |
6,15 | 11,05 | 10,00 | 7,70 | 7,25 | 9,40 | 8,70 | 6,00 | 13,15 | 10,05 | 8,85 | 8,45 | 9,50 | 7,35 | 9,85 |
Distribusi Frekuensi
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Diameter (cm) | Titik tengah kelas | Frekuensi |
2,9 sampai 4,4 | 3,65 | 3 |
4,4 sampai 5,9 | 5,15 | 7 |
5,9 sampai 7,4 | 6,65 | 9 |
7,4 sampai 8,9 | 8,15 | 22 |
8,9 sampai 10,4 | 9,65 | 23 |
10,4 sampai 11,9 | 11,15 | 15 |
11,9 sampai 13,4 | 12,65 | 9 |
13,4 sampai 14,9 | 14,15 | 2 |
Total | | 90 |
Distribusi Frekuensi Relatif
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Diameter (cm) | Titik tengah kelas | Frekuensi relatif |
2,9 sampai 4,4 | 3,65 | 0,03 |
4,4 sampai 5,9 | 5,15 | 0,08 |
5,9 sampai 7,4 | 6,65 | 0,10 |
7,4 sampai 8,9 | 8,15 | 0,24 |
8,9 sampai 10,4 | 9,65 | 0,26 |
10,4 sampai 11,9 | 11,15 | 0,17 |
11,9 sampai 13,4 | 12,65 | 0,10 |
13,4 sampai 14,9 | 14,15 | 0,02 |
Total | | 1,00 |
Histogram
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Go to Excel …. demo
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Diagram batang dan daun
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Character Stem-and-Leaf Display
Stem-and-leaf of Pulse1 N = 92
Leaf Unit = 1.0
1 4 8
3 5 44
6 5 888
24 6 000012222222224444
40 6 6666688888888888
(17) 7 00000022222244444
35 7 6666688888
25 8 0002224444
15 8 67888
10 9 0000224
3 9 66
1 10 0
The “stem” (leading digits)
The “leaves” (trailing digits)
Diagram Batang dan Daun�(Stem and Leave Diagram)
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77 | 61 | 59 | 60 | 79 | 71 | 92 | 73 | 35 | 61 |
88 | 59 | 58 | 57 | 60 | 56 | 56 | 58 | 65 | 62 |
48 | 73 | 42 | 45 | 73 | 56 | 40 | 71 | 71 | 78 |
58 | 85 | 73 | 66 | 59 | 49 | 47 | 68 | 80 | 78 |
70 | 87 | 67 | 55 | 74 | 68 | 60 | 53 | 53 | 69 |
Diagram batang dan daun�(lanjutan)
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3 | 5 |
4 | |
5 | 9 |
6 | 101 |
7 | 7913 |
8 | |
9 | 2 |
3 | 5 |
4 | 025789 |
5 | 3356667888999 |
6 | 000112567889 |
7 | 0111333347889 |
8 | 0578 |
9 | 2 |
Go to Minitab…
Demo…
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Penyajian data kualitatif
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Diagram batang
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Pendidikan | Jumlah |
SD | 1631 |
SLTP | 2985 |
SLTA | 2086 |
Sarjana | 94 |
Total | 6779 |
Diagram lingkaran
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Pendidikan | % |
SD | 24.1 |
SLTP | 43.8 |
SLTA | 30.8 |
Sarjana | 1.3 |
Total | 100.0 |
Diagram garis
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Bulan | Penjualan �(juta rp.) |
Januari | 948 |
Pebruari | 826 |
Maret | 802 |
April | 850 |
Mei | 723 |
Juni | 623 |
Ukuran pemusatan data
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Modus (mode)
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Examples:
1. No mode:
1 2 3 4 5 6
2. Mode = 6:
1 2 3 4 5 6 6
3. Bimodal (mode = 2 and 6)
1 2 2 4 5 6 6
Median
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500 520 530 570 575 600
500 520 530 570 575
Median
Rata-rata (mean)
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It is the most commonly used measure of central tendency, but it is also greatly affected by extreme value
Modus, median & rata-rata
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Modus | Median | Rata-rata |
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Shape
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Ukuran penyebaran data
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Kisaran (range)
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It measure the ’total spread’ in the data
Kisaran antar kuartil �(Inter-quartile range = IQR)
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Data:
2 2 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 9
Q1 = 3,5
Q3= 6,5
Q2(median) = 5
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 6,5 – 3,5 = 3
Varians
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Contoh
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Simpangan Baku (Standard Deviation)
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Koefisien keragaman (KK)
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Dari contoh sebelumnya:
Diagram Kotak (Box Plot)
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Pencilan (outlier)
Q3 =70
Me=61
Q1 =56
Batas atas: �Q3 +1.5 IQR = 91
Batas bawah: �Q1 -1.5 IQR = 34
Pencilan (outlier)
A simple experiment
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Students in an introductory statistics course participated in a simple experiment. Each student recorded his or her height, weight, gender, smoking preference, usual activity level, and resting pulse. Then they all flipped coins, and those whose coins came up heads ran in place for one minute. Then the entire class recorded their pulses once more.
Data
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ID | Pulse1 | Pulse2 | Ran | Smoke | Sex | Height | Weight | Activity |
1 | 64 | 88 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 66.00 | 140 | 2 |
2 | 58 | 70 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 72.00 | 145 | 2 |
3 | 62 | 76 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 73.50 | 160 | 3 |
| | | | | | | | |
92 | 76 | 76 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 66.75 | 108 | 2 |
Physical Activity:
slight = 1
moderate = 2
a lot = 3
Weight in pound
Height in inches
Male = 1
Female = 2
Smoker= 1
Non smoker=2
Ran =1
Did not run = 2
2nd pulse rate
1st pulse rate
Student ID
Minitab
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Minitab output� Stat ⮞ Basic Statistics ⮞ Display Descriptive Statistics
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Variable name
No. of observation
Mean
Median
Trimmed mean
Sample standard deviation
Minimum value
Maximum value
Lower Quartile
Upper Quartile
Descriptive Statistics
Variable N Mean Median Tr Mean StDev SE Mean
Pulse1 92 72.87 71.00 72.61 11.01 1.15
Pulse2 92 80.00 76.00 78.85 17.09 1.78
Variable Min Max Q1 Q3
Pulse1 48.00 100.00 64.00 80.00
Pulse2 50.00 140.00 68.00 87.00