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Dual, Independent KSAT

Single/Dual Server

Multi-orbit Antenna (MiM)

Multibeam Antenna (MiM + MiM)

Integrated Dual Antennas (MiM/MiO + MiO)

Independent Dual Antennas (MiM/MiO + MiO)

​

1

Peter Lemme

V2

5 Oct 2025

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2

This presentation is provided as a starting point to consider using a dual KSAT solution as a part of a required communication network. There are more and more independent KSAT satellite networks. A dual KSAT onboard terminal is feasible and already in-service.

​

One goal is leveraging much more stringent long range communication performance that is most easily provided using satellite communications (e.g., without HF).

​

Many airlines have been installing single KSAT terminals since 2004. Dual (similar) KSAT terminals are already installed on hundreds of airplanes. More than 600 multi-orbit KSAT terminals will be in service by 2026.

​

Airlines value delivering a quality passenger experience. Passengers are particularly critical when service levels degrade unexpectedly. A dual, independent satellite network provides an option to fill in any gaps in a satellite network’s performance. Airlines are already committing to multi-orbit configurations.

​

Project Paper 793 is under development. Provisioning for a dual, fail/op KSAT installation is limited to integrated dual antenna solution. A future standard for a second KSAT antenna is under consideration and becomes another attribute for duality.

​

Peter Lemme

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Acronyms - Terms

3

429 – ARINC 429 digital data bus

ACARS – Aircraft Communication, Addressing and Reporting System

ACD – Aircraft Control Domain

ADS-C – Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Contract

AHM – Airplane Health Monitoring

AID – Aircraft Interface Device

AISD – Aircraft Information Services Domain

Annun – Annunciator signals

Ant - Antenna

BM1, BM2… - Beam 1, Beam 2

COTS – Commercial off the shelf

CPDLC – Controller/Pilot data link communication

CRC – Cyclical Redundancy Check

DAL – Design Assurance Level

DISC – discrete signal

EFB – Electronic Flight Bag

GEO – Geostationary Earth Orbit

IP – Internet Protocol

IPS – Internet Protocol Suite

KPSU – KSAT power supply unit

KSAT – Ku/Ka band Satcom

LEO – Low Earth Orbit

MCU – Modular Control Unit (ARINC 600)

MiM – Modem in Modman

MiO – Modem in Outside Antenna Equipment

MISON – Media Independent Secure Offboard Network

Modman – Modem/Manager

OAE – Outside Antenna Equipment

PIESD – Passenger Information and Entertainment Services Domain

PODD- Passenger-Owned Device Domain

PoP – Internet Point of Presence

PSU – Power supply unit

R1, R2 – Reference Frequency 1, Reference Frequency 2

RCP – Required Communication Performance

RSP – Required Surveillance Performance

Rx – Receive

Tx – Transmit

WAP – Wireless Access Point (Wi-Fi)

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KSAT is a Level E COTS service

  • KSAT is built around COTS
  • KSAT equipment cannot be easily shown to comply with DAL D or higher design level assurance (software)
  • KSAT provides a networking service that includes a tandem set of equipment, much of which is not onboard the airplane
    • onboard radio (server, modem, antenna)
    • space segment – satellite
    • gateway– terrestrial base station or teleport
    • internet point of presence (PoP)
    • internet

​

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Multiple KSAT networks

  • Onboard KSAT radio may have the capability to communicate with more than one satellite network
  • Each network requires a compatible modem onboard
  • Each network requires both a transmit/uplink antenna beam (return channel) and a receive/downlink antenna beam (forward channel) from the space segment
  • Supporting additional satellite networks requires additional modems and dedicated antenna beams

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Independence between Satellite Networks

  • Each satellite network requires its own space segment and ground network
  • Different satellite networks can be shown to be independent from each other
    • No common mode failure between different satellite networks due to equipment failing in one satellite network
  • Access to two or more different satellite networks provides for continued operation if any failure to one of the satellite networks
  • Providing redundant access to a single satellite network may not be functional if the satellite network itself fails

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Fail-Operational Satcom

Use of redundancy to survive a single failure

  • Two or more independent satellite networks
  • Two onboard antennas (MiM/MiO + MiO)
    • Multibeam antenna is considered a single antenna due to the use of common components for more than one beam
  • Two independent onboard network gateways (servers)
    • Each server is dedicated to one antenna, providing a complete service independent of the other server and antenna
    • Two servers
      • EFn Modman (MiM or MiM+MiO)
      • Sat Server (MiO)
  • Routing/Switching or dual inputs to onboard clients gives direct access to both satcom networks

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Fail-Operational Satcom

  • Dual, independent satcom networks
  • Primary Server manages overall network traffic
    • Manages traffic across all available satcom networks
    • Single onboard gateway for combined network services
  • Secondary Fail-over Server with its dedicated network(s) available if Primary Server or its attached network(s) fails
    • Onboard clients route/switch to using secondary server and remaining satellite networks

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Sat Server – Support for MiO

  • Modem in Outside Antenna Equipment (MiO) provides Ethernet data plane directly from OAE
  • Sat Server is EFn Modman without modem bank
  • Sat Server can directly manage MiO

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Sat Server

  • EFnModman
    • Hosts modem bank
    • Legacy configuration
    • Processing, mass storage may be limited
    • Specialized equipment
  • Sat Server is an optional 4 MCU stand-alone server
    • Same I/O as EFn Modman
    • Emphasis on processing, routing, and mass storage
    • Open source (container) hosting platform
    • General purpose equipment

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Power

  • Single 115 VAC power source for both antenna 1 and 2
    • Fail-op objective is equivalent to one radio
  • KPSU already provides two power sources to OAE
    • Tx (1000 W)
    • Rx (1000 W)
  • Antenna 2 with MiO is expected to be “low” power (under 500 W?)
  • KPSU dedicated to first OAE assembly (A791/A792/PP793)
    • Ant 1 MiM (Tx, Rx) or MiO
    • Ant 2 MiO (if integrated with Antenna 1)
  • Second KPSU for Antenna 2 if installed as independent OAE (??794??)
  • Single or Dual Server served by same 115 VAC

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Onboard Networking

  • Each of the two satellite network servers provide Ethernet gateway ports to onboard applications
    • PODD – WAPs serving passenger and crew devices
    • PIESD – IFE head-end server
    • AISD – Avionics interfaces
      • AID/EFB
      • AHM
      • Gateway to tunneled ACD traffic (Hyperconnected ATM)
  • Each client can access either KSAT server through two dedicated Ethernet ports (KSAT 1, KSAT 2) or via a single port (KSAT) to an intermediate switch/router
    • Intermediate switch/router becomes a potential single point of failure

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Generic A793 Server

For use beyond A793 KSAT, in other applications

EFn Modman,

Sat Server and Generic A793 Server are the exact same form factor and offer the exact same A600 inserts and interfaces

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14

A793 Server

APM

6-8 MT Interfaces (x12 fiber strands)

115 VAC Power

Optional 28 VDC Power

11 quadrax interfaces

Discrete Inputs

Discrete Outputs

ARINC 429 Receivers

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L-Band Satcom

Iridium

Inmarsat

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Single L-band System

  • One Radio
  • One Antenna
  • One L-Band satellite network
    • For safety applications (e.g., CPDLC, ADS-C), must be shown to support end-end performance (RCP240, RSP180)
  • Onboard Software designed to Level D DAL
    • Confidence of software function suitable to address minor hazard
  • Onboard hardware is inherently single-thread

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Dual, Active/Standby L-band Satcom

  • Designed to provide an alternative to carrying HF radio for ATC intervention
  • Based on using both Inmarsat and Iridium radios onboard
    • Only one can be Active – the other is Standby – due to interference from Inmarsat to Iridium
  • Complex state machine and pilot

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20

Power up

Powering up

Standby

Active

Fault

I’m preferred SDU (SDU# per TP4D, preference per ORT)

OR

no data received via crosstalk AND not disabled by MP09F

I’m not preferred SDU AND I’m getting consistent data via crosstalk

OR

I’m preferred SDU, but I’m disabled by MP09F (e.g. non-preferred powered up first)

POST fault OR

crosstalk inconsistency

Fault

“Auto” mode state machine

Unable to provide service but no fault detected (out of coverage, network outage…)

OR

System Disable discrete MP09F asserted (active role seized by preferred SDU)

Fault

System Disable discrete MP09F released

Unable to provide service

Able to provide service

Activation pending

I’m preferred SDU and want to become active (label 273 b14)

OR

SATCOM Select Mode overridden from MCDU (details in 3.4.1.3.5)

OR

Fault detected in cross-talk from active SDU (label 273 b13)

System Disable discrete MP09F released

AND

{received label 273 b17 = 1 OR Input xtalk inactive}

(peer SDU confirms it’s disabled or xtalk is dead)

Deactivation pending

SATCOM Select Mode overridden from MCDU (details in 3.4.1.3.5)

OR

Handover requested by preferred SDU (Label 273 b14)

Deactivation completed

OR

System Disable discrete MP09F asserted (active role seized by preferred SDU)

When xtalk is OK, should the standby SDU wait for discretes confirmation via xtalk? Or is released system disable discrete good enough to go active?

Consider how to include manual select mode in this state machine.

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SATCOM

>SDU1 <Active, Auto>

>SDU2 <Stand-by, Auto>

SDU1 <status>

<preferred /non preferred>

>Make active ZZZ<

>Auto yyy<

>

 

 

SDU2 <status>

<preferred /non preferred>

>Make active ZZZ<

>Auto yyy<

>

SDU1

pressed

Make active, will change “Current Satcom Select Mode” bits 20 and 21 to 10 (SDU2) and force deactivation of SDU1 and activation of SDU2

Auto, will change “Current Satcom Select Mode” bits 20 and 21 to 00

Make active, will change “Current Satcom Select Mode” bits 20 and 21 to 01 (SDU1) and force deactivation of SDU2 and activation of SDU1

Auto, will change “Current Satcom Select Mode” bits 20 and 21 to 00

MCDU

SATCOM

>SDU1 <Active, Auto>

>SDU2 <Stand-by, Auto>

SDU1 <status>

<preferred /non preferred>

>Make active ZZZ<

>Auto yyy<

>

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One L-band Satcom �plus�Independent, dual KSAT

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KSAT 1

KSAT 2

L-Band

L-Band

L-Band

L-Band

HF

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Equivalence to one L-band Satcom Service

  • Starting proposition is that one Inmarsat or one Iridium is available
  • As part of the means to remove HF,
    • and as an alternative for the need for dispatch with a second L-band radio network,
    • a dual-independent KSAT solution is proposed
  • Normally, L-band and KSAT networks are available and operational
    • KSAT is active from Out to In
  • Higher-layer router manages data paths across all data networks and responds to loss of any network (L-band, KSAT 1, or KSAT 2) without any pilot action needed
    • Simple State Machine
      • each network informs client/switch/router status
      • VLAN ID allows for simple client preference to network/satellite resources
        • Network slice – expected performance
        • Preferred satellite network or allowed on any satellite network

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Dual-independent KSAT solution must be equivalent to one L-band radio

  • Availability
    • Independence of failure-modes between the two KSAT services
    • Demonstrated level of each KSAT network availability
      • Not every KSAT network may be suitable
      • Complete geographic coverage against a particular route is a factor in qualifying any KSAT network
  • Reliability
    • Confidence that one of the two KSAT services will be available due to a single, specific design shortcoming
  • Performance
    • Demonstrated compliance to performance-based mandates (e.g., RCP240, RSP180)
  • Integrity
    • Rely on higher-layer integrity checks – not a network requirement
    • Demonstrated performance to deliver messages without corruption
  • Security
    • Rely on higher-layer authentication checks – defense in depth
    • Demonstrated level of network mitigations to prevent unauthorized access
    • Independence between networks

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Equivalence to one L-band Satcom Service

This discussion makes suggestions that will need industry agreement

  • Software: Two independent DAL E = one DAL D
    • not currently permitted, but two DAL D can be equivalent to one DAL C.
    • KSAT networks are complex, with significant monitoring and management functionality
    • KSAT networks are inherently distributed across a number of tandem elements, many of which are not onboard
  • Hardware: Total Loss of Link Layer Function goal < 1E-5/hour
    • KSAT Network A: Antenna 1 and Efn Modman or Sat Server < 1E-3/hour
    • KSAT Network B: Antenna 2 and Sat Server < 1E-3/hour
    • If independent, then Failure Rate < 1E-6/hour
  • Data Link Message Integrity managed at Application Layer
    • CRC, ACARS checksum, Hash
  • Authentication managed at Network Layer (higher layer router)
    • MISON, IPS, ACARS, ACARS over IP
  • Parallel Interfaces from each KSAT towards onboard clients
    • Applications have dual interfaces, permitting them to direct communication around a failed KSAT Server
    • Alternatively, an intermediate level D+ router/switch provides a single onboard client interface to both KSAT servers
    • Normally, Sat Server will provide network management with primary interface to applications

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Configurations of Dual KSAT

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5 Oct 2025

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Single Server�Single Beam Antenna (MiM)�Multi-orbit Satellite Network (GEO+LEO)�(Partial Fail/Op)

Single Antenna – Single Beam

Can connect to either GEO or LEO satellite networks

Modem in Modman (MiM)

Operational with the loss of a single satellite network

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1(GEO) BM2 (LEO) R1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

Modem Bank

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1(GEO) BM2 (LEO) R1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

Modem Bank

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1(GEO) BM2 (LEO) R1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

Modem Bank

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Single Server�Multibeam Antenna (MiM)�(Partial Fail/Op)

Single Antenna

Multiple beams

Each with dedicated modem in Modman

Operational with the loss of a single satellite network

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

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Dual Server�Multibeam Antenna�(partial Fail/Op)

Single Antenna

Multiple beams

Some beams associated with EFn Modman 1

Other beams associated with EFn Modman 2

Operational with the loss of single satellite network or the loss of one server

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Efn Modman 1

(primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1 BM2 R1 Other BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

EFn Modman 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

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Efn Modman 1

(primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1 BM2 R1 Other BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

EFn Modman 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

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Efn Modman 1

(primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1 BM2 R1 Other BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

EFn Modman 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

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Efn Modman 1

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1 BM2 R1 Other BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

EFn Modman 2

(secondary fail-over)

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

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Efn Modman 1

(primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1 BM2 R1 Other BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Modem Bank

EFn Modman 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

BM1(GEO) BM2 (LEO) R1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

Modem Bank

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Integrated Dual Antenna (MiM/MiO + MIO)

Two independent antennas in one assembly

​

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Single Server�Integrated Dual Antenna (MiM + MiO)�(partial Fail/Op)

Two independent antennas in one assembly

First antenna – Modems in Modman

Second antenna – Modem in Outside Antenna Equipment

Operational except with the failure of the EFn Modman

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

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Single Server�Integrated Dual Antenna (MiO + MiO)�(partial Fail/Op)

Two independent antennas in one assembly

First antenna – MiO

Second antenna – MiO

Operational except with the failure of the Sat Server

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Efn Modman

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

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50

Efn Modman

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

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Efn Modman

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

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Efn Modman

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

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Dual Server�Integrated Dual Antenna (MiM + MiO)�Fail/Operational

Two independent antennas in one assembly

Multiple beams on either antenna possible

First antenna - MiM

Second antenna – MiO

Operational with any single failure

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

Sat Server

(primary)

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

Sat Server

(primary)

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

Sat Server

(primary)

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

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Efn Modman

(secondary fail-over)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

Sat Server

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

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Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Modem Bank

Sat Server

(primary)

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

59 of 82

Dual Server�Integrated Dual Antenna (MiO + MiO)�Fail/Operational

Two independent antennas in one assembly

Multiple beams on either antenna possible

First antenna - MiO

Second antenna – MiO

Operational with any single failure

59

60 of 82

60

Sat Server 1

(primary)

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Sat Server 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

61 of 82

61

Sat Server 1

(primary)

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Sat Server 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

62 of 82

62

Sat Server 1

(primary)

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Sat Server 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

63 of 82

63

Sat Server 1

(primary)

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Sat Server 2

(secondary fail-over)

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

64 of 82

64

Sat Server 1

(primary)

​

​

​

​

Other BM1

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

PSU2 Ant 2

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

EN3

BM5, BM6, R3 not shown

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

Sat Server 2

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

65 of 82

Independent Dual Satcom Antennas

Independent installation for each antenna

Dedicated bulkhead interface to each antenna

Annunciators are “wire-OR’d”

Single or Dual Server Configuration

Operational with any single failure

65

66 of 82

66

Note – this picture shows dual, independent Starlink antennas , which would not qualify as two independent networks.

Hughes and Panasonic are offering standalone ESA for OneWeb that can be installed on the same airplane as an existing GEO antenna

67 of 82

Single Server�Independent Dual Antennas (MiM/MiO + MiO)�(partial Fail/Op)

Antenna 1 is either MiM or MiO

Antenna 2 is MiO

Operational except with the failure of the Sat Server or EFn Modman)

67

68 of 82

68

Efn Modman

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

Modem Bank

69 of 82

69

Sat Server 1

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

70 of 82

70

Sat Server 1

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

71 of 82

71

Sat Server 1

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

72 of 82

72

Sat Server 1

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

73 of 82

Dual Server�Independent Dual Antennas (MiM+MiO)�Fail-Op

EFn Modman tied to Antenna 1 (MiM)

Sat Server tied to Antenna 2 (MiO)

Operational with any single failure

73

74 of 82

74

Efn Modman

Sat Server

(primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 A2

EN3

Modem Bank

75 of 82

75

Efn Modman

Sat Server

(Primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 A2

EN3

Modem Bank

76 of 82

76

Efn Modman

Sat Server

(Primary)

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 A2

EN3

Modem Bank

77 of 82

77

Efn Modman

(Secondary fail-over)

Sat Server

Antenna 1

Digital Baseband

Ethernet

​

Other BM1 BM2 R1 BM3 BM4 R2

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Tx

PSU2 Rx

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

TX MUTE

Mute

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 A2

EN3

Modem Bank

78 of 82

Dual Server�Independent Dual Antennas (MiO+MiO)�Fail-Op

Sat Server 1 tied to Antenna 1 (MiO)

Sat Server 2 tied to Antenna 2 (MiO)�Operational with any single failure

78

79 of 82

79

Sat Server 1

(primary)

Sat Server 2

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

80 of 82

80

Sat Server 1

(Primary)

Sat Server 2

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

81 of 82

81

Sat Server 1

(Primary)

Sat Server 2

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3

82 of 82

82

Sat Server 1

Sat Server 2

(Secondary fail-over)

Antenna 1

Modem in Antenna

​

Other Data

Antenna 2

Modem in Antenna

Data Other

WAP 1

WAP 2

WAP 3

PIESD

AISD

TX Control

KPSU

PSU1 Ant 1

429

APM

Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk

Annun

DISC

TX Control Feedback

PSU3 Ant 2

EN3