2017-2018 IPAT Model for Countries

3rd Period

Total Population Estimate: 326,000,000

Running at a growth rate of about 0.7%-0.9% per year

The average life expectancy of a person born in the United States in 2017 is 79.5 years.

77.1 for men 81.8 for women

Fertility Rate: 1.84 births per woman

GDP per capita of $55,800

Problems associated with population growth

Habitat Loss

Freshwater depletion

Food insecurity

Carbon emissions

IPATS Model

Impact: Despite government regulations aimed at dealing with climate change. The United States still has a major global impact on the environment due to its affluence and technological advancement.

Population:

Affluence:

Technology:

Sensitivity: Due to the United States large land area. The country spans multiple biomes, some being more sensitive during others. The desert of Arizona are more sensitive than the temperate deciduous forests of the Eastern U.S.

China

Cameryn Cupelli

Ethan Trollinger

Demographic Information

• Population: 1,412,978,458
• Growth rate: .39% growth rate
• Median age: 37.3
• Fertility rate: 1.61
• Country share of world population: 18.54% - Global Rank: 1
• Today roughly 120 boys are born for every 100 girls

Environmental Issues associated with population growth

• China has depleted aquifers for irrigation from the Yellow River causing dried up parts of the river
• Air pollution in China is a growing concern as most of their large cities have massive smog clouds overhanging them.

https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-environmental-crisis

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• Ex. Beijing
• Population: 21.7 million
• 5 year plan: under 23 mil by 2020
• GDP: $247.7 billion

Environmental Issues cont.

• Cancer Villages have formed across the country
• Poor water and air quality in rural areas where industrialization
• Harmful to marine life

Extended problems

• Older people will outnumber the young causing pressure to support the greater numbers of the elderly
• New urban pollution and congestion threats from rising number of automobiles
• Lung diseases due to breathing in polluted air
• Lack of water and other resources
• China’s agricultural lands must be monitored very closely because if the country’s land is nutrient depleted, it can’t feed the masses.
• Competition for resources could lead to environmental racism against minority groups as Han Chinese compose over 90% of the population.
• Low fertility threatens economic success because number of workers (China’s focus in their economy) has declined

IPAT MODEL: I=PxAxTxS

• Impacts: Because of China’s large pop. size accounting for 18.5% of all the world’s people, they carry more of the environmental burden than countries with small populations. This amount of people combined with China’s domestic economic status and technology advancements displays a very large impact on the global environment.
• Population: as China’s population grows their environmental deficiencies are made even worse as the carrying capacity of the land can’t be increased
• Affluence: China’s population is rapidly advancing toward higher socioeconomic status.
• Technology: With better technology China has the potential to increase their negative and positive impacts on the environment such as cleaner burning engines.
• Sensitivity: W. China’s arid lands are more sensitive to human disturbance than the moist regions in S. E. China- plants grow slower making the region more vulnerable to deforestation and soil degradation.

Multiple Choice Questions

• Which of the following is not an impact of China’s population control plan?

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• Why does China have a larger capita ecological footprint compared to other developing countries?

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• China’s affluence has..

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• Delayed marriage
• Government favoritism towards 1 child families
• Uneven gender ratio
• Decreased standard of living

• Fossil Fuel use
• Industrialization
• Subsistence farming
• Population Centralization

• decreased
• Increased rapidly
• Remained the same

INDIA

Patrick Miller and Will Hadley

FACTS

India’s Current Population = 1,342,512,705 (1.3 Billion)

Crude Birth rate = 19.01

Crude Death rate = 7.3

Average Life Expectancy = 68 years of age

Reasons for Population Growth

Aside from rapid industrialization, traditional culture that centers on large families as beneficial, lack of sex education, and a high fertility rate (2.4) all contribute to the continued population growth in India. However, rate of population growth is beginning to slow as India experiences the demographic shift of industrialization.

Age Distribution

IPAT Model

• P: 1,281,935,911
• A: GDP per capita is $7,200 (157th in the world) and rapidly increasing with industrialization
• T: Electricity from fossil fuels is 71.5% of total production
• S: Main biomes of India are tropical savannas and grasslands, deserts, and subtropical dry forests. These biomes are especially susceptible to desertification.�

Impact

In general, overpopulation results in depletion of natural resources, habitat loss, and increased greenhouse gas emissions due to energy use that comes along with lots of people.

In India’s case, this has meant increased pollution (air, water, solid waste), loss of large areas of grasslands and forest, water scarcity, increased carbon emissions from power plants and cars.

Multiple Choice Questions

• India is currently in which phase?
• Phase I
• Phase II
• Phase III
• Phase IV

3. What is LEAST likely to occur as India continues to develop?

• Carbon emissions will increase
• Population will decrease rapidly
• Affluence will increase
• Family sizes will decrease

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2. Which of the following has decreased as India has industrialized?

• Replacement fertility
• Urban population
• GDP per capita
• Education levels

Multiple Choice Answers

• C
• A
• B

Sources

https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/overpopulation-in-india-causes-effects-and-how-to-control-it

http://www.geoba.se/country.php?cc=IN&year=2017

https://www.eartheclipse.com/environment/problems-of-overpopulation.html

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html

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Kenya

All relevant demographic info

3-5 specific environmental problems

Discuss IPAT

2-3 MC Questions

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Kenya

By: Max and Elizah

Demographic Info

• Population: 50.95 Mil.
• Life expectancy: 67.29 years
• Population Growth rate: 2.52% due to...
• High birth rates
• Declining mortality rates
• Most population very young due to...
• High fertility rates (3.774 children/woman)
• Culture: Early marriage and childbearing encouraged/accepted
• Lack of family planning
• Crude Birth Rate: 30.721 births/thousand
• Crude Death Rate: 5.681 deaths/thousand

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Environmental problems of population growth:

• Water scarcity - Increased population leads to depletion of water sources and decreases space for agriculture and drinking water
• Not only is water limited, but it is often disease ridden, which can majorly impact the overall health of the Kenyan population possibly increasing mortality rates, infant mortality rates, etc…
• Decline in Wildlife population - Increased population leads to a decrease in wildlife population as Kenyans hunt for food and space in the region
• This can lead to possible extinctions of several species, which would eliminate major food sources for the Kenyan population
• Deforestation - Increased population leads to the overall growth of human settlements which increases the demand for land. This can lead to deforestation
• As a developing country, Kenya commonly relies on wood for fuel/energy, and the process of deforestation can possibly eliminate that resource
• Deforestation can also cause overall degradation of land

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IPAT

• Population (P): Very high - 50.95 Mil.
• High population leads to degradation of the surrounding regions (as we’ve seen with the decline in wildlife habitat and population)
• Higher density means that more people demand more resources and generate more waste.
• x Affluence (A): GDP: 70.53 USD Billion
• Relatively weak economy
• Lack of affluence leads to less research and technology invested into sustaining the environment and less money to back up waste treatment
• x Technology (T): Developing country = Limited technological advances, reliance on agriculture
• Limited technology:
• Pros: Less power plants to produce harmful chemicals that hurt the environment
• Cons: Limited technology means lack of sustainable energy, water quality, and ability to clean up previous pollution damages
• x Sensitivity (S):
• Health concerns are high as diseases such as Malaria, Cholera, HIV/AIDS, etc. spread throughout Kenya
• =Environmental Impact (I)

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Multiple Choice

• Which is not a direct environmental problem associated with rapid population growth throughout Kenya?
• Water scarcity
• Deforestation
• Increased carbon emissions
• Decline in wildlife population

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• Why is the majority of Kenya’s population very young?
• Early childbearing and marriage looked down upon throughout culture
• Very high fertility rates
• Implementation of family planning
• Very low fertility rates

Sources

http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/kenya-population/

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/kenya

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya

https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya

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Syria

Syria

Population Pyramid

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Emmigration to

Neighboring States

CIA World Factbook Statistics

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Ethnic groups

• Arab 90.3%
• Kurds, Armenians, and Other 9.7%

Religions

• Islam 87% (official; includes Sunni 74% and Alawi, Ismaili, and Shia 13%)
• Christian 10% (includes Orthodox, Uniate, and Nestorian)
• Druze 3%

Languages

• Arabic (official)
• French
• English

Literacy

definition: age 15 and older can read and write

• total population: 79.6% (2004 census)
• male: 86.0%
• female: 73.6%

Urbanization

• urban population: 56% of total population (2010)
• rate of urbanization: 2.5% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

Major urban areas - population

As of 2011:

• Aleppo: 3.164 million
• Damascus (capital): 2.65 million
• Homs: 1.369 million
• Hama: 933,000

Age structure

0–14 years: 35.2% (male 4,066,109/female 3,865,817)

15–64 years: 61% (male 6,985,067/female 6,753,619)

65 years and older: 3.8% (male 390,802/female 456,336) (2011 est.)

Median age

21 years male

21.7 years female

22.1 years (2011 est.)

Population decline rate

0.797% (2012 est.)

Birth rate

2.35 births/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Death rate

3.67 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.)

Net migration rate

-27.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and older: 0.89 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total years: 71.19 years

male: 69.8 years

female: 72.68 years (2009 est.)

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Internal Conflict

• Begins as isolated pro-democracy protests in March 2011, becomes nationwide by July, violence descends into civil war

• 250,000 + killed, 11 million + displaced (internally and externally), 4.5 million + flee
• Armed rebellion evolves into ideological parties (jihadists)
• In recent years, has become proxy war between Iran, Russia, and Hezbollah (who have propped up the Alawite-led government of President Assad) and Sunni-dominated opposition with varying degrees of support from its international backers (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Jordan, along with the US, UK and France)

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Environmental Issues

• Drought - 2007-2010 Syria experiences devastating drought patterns, 1 million + small farmers unemployed, migration of rural populations to cities
• Decreased winter rainfall and rising temperatures
• Unsustainable management of aquifers

Results:

• Climate refugees
• Exacerbated pre-existing social instability

I=PAT(S)

Population: ~ 18.3 million

Affluence: GPD $55.8 million USD (2015), $1,203 GDP per capita (2015) 159/194

Technology: Considerable oil and weapons technology, though “High Technology Exports” account for less than 1% of manufactured exports

Sensitivity: Region is particularly sensitive to global temperature rise

AP Questions

1) The location where the greatest number of people would be directly affected by a rise in ocean level

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2) The location of the greatest remaining natural biodiversity

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3) The location where desertification is occurring most rapidly

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4) The location where the size of the human population is most stable

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Answers

• B
• E
• A
• D

Sources

National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, 2016, (Select all countries, "GDP, Per Capita GDP - US Dollars", and 2016 to generate table), United Nations Statistics Division. Accessed on 14 Feb 2018.

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https://www.lifegate.com/people/news/syria-the-environmental-crisis-behind-the-civil-war

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http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26116868

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Bangladesh

Population: 165,731,776 people in 2018 [#8 in the world]

Population Density: 1,252 people per square kilometer [increasing trend]

Growth Rate: 1.1% in 2016 [decreasing trend]

Fertility Rate: 2.1 [decreasing trend-gov support of family planning, economic advancement]

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I: increased use of fossil fuels, increased water pollution--increased env. effect from population

P: relatively high

A: $224.1 Billion GDP: $1,400 GDP per capita: 170th global GDP rank: ⅓ Bangladeshis live below poverty line, GDP growth rate 6%, growing GDP every year, advancing economy, fast expansion, poorest 40% grew .5% faster than the whole country, declining poverty

T: beginning stages of developing more tech, especially in the IT industry: large textile industry (14% GDP)

S: highly susceptible to climate change, low lying flood plain landscape, 79% tributary, flooding danger

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Environmental Problems in Bangladesh

• Increase in population without a growth in wastewater treatment capabilities has lead to an increase in water pollution.
• Increase in population has lead to a greater demand from the agriculture industry.
• This has lead to greater deforestation for expanding farmland.
• This has also lead to a degradation of soils.
• Increase in population and more people driving automobiles has lead to an increase in air pollution.
• Increase in population and urbanization has lead to a decrease in permeable surfaces and thus an increase in chemical runoff.

Consumption needs of a growing population exert pressure on environment in a number of ways. For meeting the additional requirement of food, either extensive or intensive cultivation or both are taken recourse to. In the former case, marginal land is brought under cultivation, which leads to erosion and loss of soil fertility. Often, people make new cropland by encroaching and clearing forests leading to degradation of forest. Deforestation in turns causes soil erosion, siltation and flooding in river basins, changes in microclimate and loss of habitat. When cultivation extends to low-lying areas, the traditional habitat of fish is encroached upon. Shrinkage of pastureland adversely affects both quantity and quality of livestock resources. In the latter case, when intensive cultivation is practiced on the same of shrinking agricultural land (due to increased demand generated for housing and construction of social and physical infrastructural facilities by the additional population, the following problems are normally encountered: increased run off and ecological hazards form chemical Fertilizers and pesticides, reduced genetic diversity in the plant population, water logging and salinity from irrigation.

In order to absorb the growing labour force in productive employment, there hardly exists any option other than industrialization. Rapid urbanization putting unbearable pressure on an already overburdened system, particularly, water supply and sewerage, however, usually accompany this. Incidence of air pollution is also more due to an increasing number of buses, trucks and cars.

Increased industrial production for meeting consumption and investment demands of a growing population uses up an increasing amount of raw materials including minerals and energy. In the process, this not only depletes the country�s natural resource base, but also adds to industrial pollution and thereby degrades the environment of the country.

The sectoral problems include natural disaster, water and FCDI, industrial pollution, deforestation, energy crisis, agro-chemicals and land degradation, decline of fisheries resources, loss of bio-diversity, health and sanitation, air pollution, urban waste generation, inadequate and poor housing, faulty transport system and lack of environment education and awareness.

The locational and ecospecific problems include degradation of wetland, hill cutting, salinity and shrimp cultivation, degradation of coastal and marine resources, charland problem, degradation of upland resources (Barind and Madhupur tract etc.).

The long-terms issues include climate change and sea level rise, urbanization, regional water sharing and lack of research and development on the issues.

The institutional issue include poor institutional setting, lack of inter sectoral coordination, top-down approach, inadequate local level institution and lack of peoples participation. There has been a lack of institutional mechanism to deal with inter-sectoral issues at national level. The capabilities of the Ministry of Environment and Forest and its line agency including Department of Environment and Department of Forest are still weak and insufficient in the context of huge environmental problems they had to deal with at different levels.

Population And Environment In Bangladesh

By Dr. Saleemul Huq, Dr. A Atiq Rahman, and Dwijen Mallick

Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies;

AP Questions

• If the annual percentage growth rate in Bangladesh is 1.1% in 2016, in how many years will the population double?

A.64 B.79 C.25 D.44

• What is the main factor pushing Bangladesh to a decreasing fertility rate?

A. Lack of food B.government support in family planning C. high rates of disease D. malnutrition

3. Considering Bangladesh’s low lying landscape, which of the following is considered to be the most threatening to its people in the future?

A. Rising sea levels B. Decreasing fertility rate trend C. High population density D. High poverty levels

Answers

• A
• B
• A

SOURCES

https://medium.com/@nilkantomoni/fossil-fuel-and-renewable-energy-infographics-bangladesh-1ec89bc5c8e4

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http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/bangladesh-population/

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http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/tech-revolution-helps-boost-bangladesh-s-development

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http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2009/karimpolicyseminar.aspx

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http://docs.ims.ids.ac.uk/migr/upload/fulltext/bcaspop.pdf

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Afghanistan

By Myra Tubb David Höff

Current population: 34.66 million

Population growth rate: 2.36% annually

density: 53.1 people per sq kilometer

GDP: 561.78 USD per capita

fertility rate: 5.12 children per woman

median age: 18.8 years

life expectancy: 51.7 years

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IPATS

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Impact- more poverty, 9 million afghans live in absolute poverty

Population- 34.66 million

Affluence- chief exports are natural gas and dried fruit and the average household income is $410

Technology- increasing use of contraceptives, rising use of telecommunications

Sensitivity- Sensitive to armed conflicts, vulnerable to natural disasters and decreasing rule of law

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Environmental Problems

Most of Afghanistan's problems are a result of the 30 plus years of political chaos

• Soil degradation
• Deforestation
• Water air pollution

National Environmental Agency (NEPA) 2005- Improve the lives of afghanis through the conservation, protection and improvement of the country’s environment.

Afghanistan's first Environmental Law 2007- management of issues relating to the rehabilitation, conservation, and sustainable use of the environment.

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Multiple Choice Questions

what's the biggest problem with the rising population in afghanistan?

• air pollution
• poverty
• infant mortality
• what would be a good way to control the rising population?
• improve healthcare and contraceptive use
• one child policy

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Questions

What was the purpose of establishing the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA)?

• Improve the lives of afghanis.
• Protect Afghanistan’s Environment.
• A way for the taliban to control the the country environment.
• To rehabilitate Afghanistan’s environment.
• Enable an increase in agriculture to decrease the country’s dependence on foreign aid.

sources

https://www.csis.org/analysis/agriculture-food-and-poverty-afghanistan

https://www.indexmundi.com/afghanistan/demographics_profile.html

https://knoema.com/atlas/Afghanistan/Population-density

http://afghanistanembassy.org.uk/english/3155/

https://www.google.com/search?q=afghanistan+school&rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS760US760&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC6KuR0rfZAhVHRK0KHfU_CA0Q_AUICigBhttps://www.weadapt.org/organisation/nepa-afghanistan&biw=160

https://www.weadapt.org/organisation/nepa-afghanistan

http://www.afghan-web.com/environment/afghan_environ_law.pdf

https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS760US760&biw=1600&bih=757&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=eraNWvekE4XcswWzjqqoCw&q=Afghanistan+soil&oq=Afghanistan+soil&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0j0i10i24k1j0i24k1l2.345899.347540.0.348034.5.5.0.0.0.0.79.298.5.5.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.5.295...0i67k1.0.o-m7Kf9SqdQ&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=98_nzL6kdLPbFM:

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Indonesia

• Population: 263.5 Million (2017)
• Growth Rate: 1.1% (2017)
• Birth rate: 16.2 births/1,000 population (2017)
• Death rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (2017)
• Net Migration rate: -1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017)
• Infant mortality rate: 22.7 deaths/1,000 live births
• Total fertility rate: 2.11 children born/woman (2017)

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• I: High level of water pollution from citizens and industries due to lack of regulation, high air pollution
• P: 4th highest
• A: GDP: $1.011 trillion. GDP per capita: $12,400. Growing middle class, but 10% of population below poverty line.
• T: Industry: petroleum, natural gas, textiles, etc. = 40% of GDP. Recently tech startups have.
• S: Highly sensitive to climate change due it being a island nation, also Jakarta sinking faster than any other city on the planet due to climate change and illegal well draining.

Environmental issues

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• Water pollution from industrial wastes
• Air pollution in urban areas
• Large reef and rainforest are experiencing serious environmental deterioration
• Deforestation and slash and burn agriculture are the cause of 80% of the carbon emissions that come from Indonesia
• Global warming is being blamed for the rise of malaria. As the temperature increases in the highlands of Papua malaria mosquitos who used to not be able to live here can now leading to an increase in the spread of malaria in the nation

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AP Questions

• Indonesia has a current growth rate of 1.1%, representing a doubling time of approximately
• 1.1 years
• 9.6 years
• 35 years
• 63.6 years
• 70 years
• Which of the following factors is associated with the highest potential for population growth?
• High percentage of people under age 18
• High percentage of people in their 30s
• High percentage of people in their 50s
• High percentage of people in high-income groups
• High percentage of people in low-income groups

Answers & Sources

Answers: 1. D, 2. A

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Sources:

• https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=ID&name_desc=false
• https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html
• https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/21/world/asia/jakarta-sinking-climate.html
• Barron’s APES Prep Book

Brazil

Katarina Michna and Divinika Buckle

3rd Period

Demographic Information

Population & Ethnic Groups

• Population: 210,279,618
• 5th highest in world
• White 47.7%
• Mixed race 43.1%
• Black 7.6%
• Asian 1.1%
• Indigenous 0.4%

Age Structure

• 0-14 years: 22.33% (male 23,599,867/female 22,696,756)
• 15-24 years: 16.36% (male 17,212,048/female 16,721,295)
• 25-54 years: 43.86% (male 45,114,076/female 45,836,147)
• 55-64 years: 9.12% (male 8,931,065/female 9,974,723)
• 65 years and over: 8.33% (male 7,356,838/female 9,910,576)

Sex Ratio

• At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
• 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
• 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
• 25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
• 55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
• 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
• Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female

Median Age & Birth/Death Rate

• Total median age: 32 years (104th highest in world)
• Male: 31.1 years
• Female: 32.8 years
• Birth rate: 14.1 births/1,000 (.0141%)
• Death rate: 6.7 deaths/1,000 (.0067%)

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Life Expectancy, Fertility, & Infant Mortality

• Life Expectancy total: 74 years
• Male: 70.5 years
• Female: 77.7 years
• Total Fertility Rate: 1.75 children born/woman
• Contraceptive prevalence rate: 80.2%
• Infant mortality rate: 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Population Growth

• 0.75% in 2018
• Brazil’s growth rate between 2005 and 2010 was 1.26%- which makes Brazil the 107th fastest growing country in the world. It is now growing only slightly faster than the world average.
• Currently, the population growth in Brazil is slowing as the country urbanizes and increases its wealth.
• It’s been predicted that Brazil’s population will peak at around 238.3 million by 2050

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Environmental Impacts

Deforestation

• Amazon rainforest
• Called “lungs of the world”
• Carbon dioxide released when burned
• Torn down for timber, development & agriculture
• Largely due to high population
• Need for larger agriculture yields & cattle production
• coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef
• Developing country (infrastructure)
• Rate of deforestation decreased for a few years, now on the rise again
• “After years of positive signs, deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon is on the rise, with a sharp increase in 2016”
• “plunged from nearly 11,000 square miles in 2004 to 1,700 square miles in 2012… led to a dangerous illusion… belief that deforestation was thoroughly under control, and thus the government could build roads, dams, and other infrastructure at will in Amazonia, without consequences for the world’s largest rainforest.”

Deforestation current event: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-soy-amazon/brazil-curbs-soy-farming-deforestation-in-amazon-idUSKBN1EZ2BM�

Air Pollution

• Result of the rapid urbanisation & industrial development
• Mostly in city areas
• In rural areas caused by harmful cooking practices
• Population numbers grew -- cities were forced to expand without regard for environment
• Infrastructure, etc. built using products and methods that release harmful pollution into the air
• Kills about 49,000 Brazilians every year
• Half (25,000) from the outdoor pollution that we normally worry about
• Other 24,000 from household air pollution (cooking with wood and other solid fuels)
• mainly rural communities.
• Deaths from air pollution represent one in every 26 deaths from all causes in Brazil, making it the ninth largest mortality risk in the country��

Waste Disposal

• Produces more than 161,000 tons of solid waste every day
• two-thirds of Brazilian municipalities use landfills
• Natural areas are reduced
• Soil in and around the landfills becomes toxic (unable to sustain life)
• Solution:
• Use recycled and recyclable goods
• Major education campaign that assists with the responsible use and disposal of various items�

IPAT Model

https://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d30345d/courses/engs171/IPAT.pdf

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I (Impact on Environment)=

• P (population): 210,279,618
• High; 5th largest in world
• Population density: 63.953 people/miles squared
• A (affluence)
• $3.219 trillion GDP; $15,500 GDP per capita
• T (technology)
• Exports: transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee, automobiles, crude petroleum
• S (sensitivity to human pressures): Fairly high sensitivity
• deforestation & reliance on forest area; sensitive to climate change (rainforest); developing country status; dense population (especially near coast)

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Affluence & Technology in Brazil

AP Questions

Question 1

Why is Brazil classified as a developing country?

• High GDP per capita ($8,651)
• Low living standards
• Small economy
• High infant mortality rate�
• II only
• III only
• I and IV
• II and IV
• II, III, and IV�

Question 2

What are some of the factors causing Brazil’s major air pollution issue?

• Industrial development
• Cooking with open firewood
• Overpopulation
• Chemicals released from wastelands

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• I only
• II only
• III and IV
• II and III
• I and II

Question 3

How would you best assume Brazil stands worldwide on demographic statistics?

• Average population & Birth rate
• High population & High median age
• Average life expectancy & average population
• Low life expectancy
• Average fertility rate & High population

Question 1- Answer

Why is Brazil classified as a developing country?

• High GDP per capita ($15,500)
• Low living standards
• Small economy
• High birth rate�
• II only
• III only
• I and IV
• II and IV
• II, III, and IV�

Question 2- Answer

What are some of the factors causing Brazil’s major air pollution issue?

• Industrial development
• Cooking with open firewood
• Overpopulation
• Chemicals released from wastelands

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• I only
• II only
• III and IV
• II and III
• I and II

Question 3- Answer

How would you best assume Brazil stands worldwide on demographic statistics?

• Average population & Birth rate
• High population & High median age
• Average life expectancy & average population
• Low life expectancy
• Average fertility rate & High population

(1.75 per woman;5th largest)

Sources

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html

http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/brazil-population/#popClock

http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/brazil-perspectives-air-pollution

http://www.brazil.org.za/environmental-issues.html

https://www.investopedia.com/updates/top-developing-countries/

https://rainforests.mongabay.com/20brazil.htm

https://e360.yale.edu/features/business-as-usual-a-resurgence-of-deforestation-in-the-brazilian-amazon

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Mexico

Hannah and Sunshine

Demographics

• Birth Rate: 18.3births/ 1000 people
• Death Rate: 5.3 deaths/ 1000 people
• Fertility Rate: 2.24 children born/ women
• Growth Rate: 1.12
• Urban Population: 79.8% of Mexico’s population
• Urbanization Rate: 1.37%

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Urban Population: 79.8% of Mexico’s population

Urbanization Rate: 1.37%

Mexico City Population: 20.999 million people

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Environmental problems

Water contamination: caused by the abrupt growth in population, household drainage and people smuggling chemical fluids, which spill into the rivers, lakes, and beaches of Mexico

Air Pollution: increased population causes increase of automobiles, large factories

Deforestation: As the population increases, the need for urban development increases. Mexico loses about 500,000 hectares per year of forests and forests. At least 17% of the Mexican surface is totally eroded.

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Extended of Environmental Problems

Water contamination affect the inhabitants in the water, cattle, and humans; destruction of reefs, wetlands and mangroves. Ex: Xochimilco is a place located near Mexico City and their aquatic life is being directly affected by household drainage

Air pollution affects respiratory and causes insomnia, weight loss, and loss of motor field

Deforestation endangered species, large parts of the ecosystems (tropical and temperate) have disappeared, and may disappear completely

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Impact Population Affluence Technology Sensitivity

Environmental Impact

=

Population- 127.5 million

Population density of Mexico increased from 24.4 people per sq. km in 1967 to 65.6 people per sq. km in 2016

x

Affluence-

second largest economy

Large socio-economic gap

x

Technology

Largest exporter of high-technology goods

Technology is not easily accessible to lower income

x

Sensitivity

Increase of health problems such as respiratory problems, spread of plagues, kidney disease

MC question 1

Which of the following is not a direct cause for Mexico’s water contamination?

• Abrupt population growth
• Smuggling of chemical fluids, caused by Mexico's lax of state regulation and low environmental commitment
• Household drainage; household waste being drained into rivers and lakes
• Saltwater intrusion, caused by hydrofracking that puts methane into the water.
• Distribution system fails to properly contain purified water, causing the water to be polluted before it reaches its consumer.

MC Answer

Which of the following is not a direct cause for Mexico’s water contamination?

• Abrupt population growth
• Smuggling of chemical fluids, caused by Mexico's lax of state regulation and low environmental commitment
• Household drainage; household waste being drained into rivers and lakes
• Saltwater intrusion, caused by hydrofracking that puts methane into the water.
• Distribution system fails to properly contain purified water, causing the water to be polluted before it reaches its consumer.

MC question 2

If Mexico’s Urbanization rate increases to 1.60% what would be the most direct impact of it?

I.) An increase in Greenhouse Gas emissions

॥.) An increase in deforestation

III.) An increase in water contamination

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a.) Only I.

b.) Only l. and ll.

c.) Only l. and lll.

d.) l, ll, lll

e.) none of them

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MC Answer

If Mexico’s Urbanization rate increases to 1.60% what would be the most direct impact of it?

I.) An increase in Greenhouse Gas emissions

॥.) An increase in deforestation

III.) An increase in water contamination

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a.) Only I.

b.) Only l. and ll.

c.) Only l. and lll.

d.) l, ll, lll

e.) none of them

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Sources

https://www.populationpyramid.net/mexico/2017/

https://www.lifepersona.com/7-environmental-problems-in-mexico-very-serious

https://www.indexmundi.com/mexico/demographics_profile.html

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