All Organisms are �Chemical Beings

Composed of Chemical Reactions

Macromolecules

• Macromolecules are built from several monomers combined to make complex molecules (polymers)
• Polymerization is the process of combining monomers to make polymers

�Macromolecules are large molecules composed with unique properties ��The simplest of the macromolecules are hydrocarbons – composed of carbon and hydrogen only ��Unique properties of the macromolecules are created by functional group which cause specific properties���amine's carboxyl's hydroxyls ��

Organic Chemistry

• The chemistry of compounds that are living, once living, or made by living things
• Contain the element carbon – carbon has 4 valence electrons – half full outer shell allows for gaining, losing, or sharing 4 electrons –

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• Carbon atoms combine in many ways forming macromolecules (giant molecules) examples graphite and diamonds

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Biomolecules

Four basic groups of organic compounds

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I - Carbohydrates

II – Lipids

III – Proteins

IV – Nucleic Acids

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Examples of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose

made by plants using photosynthesis

• Built from C, H, and O ration 1:2:1
• FUNCTION - Quick Energy Source for the Cell
• Glucose is an important carbohydrate

Monosaccharides

• Simple Sugars C₆H₁₂O₆
• All Monosaccharides are isomers of one another
• Glucose – cellular fuel
• Fructose – fruit sugar
• Very sweet
• Galactose –milk sugar

Disaccharides

• Double Sugars C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
• Formed from combining two monosaccharides minus a water (dehydration synthesis)
• Sucrose – table sugar
• Maltose – malt sugar
• Lactose – milk sugar
• not sweet
• Lactose Intolerance

Examples of Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Complex Sugars

• Not soluble in water
• Plants and animals store sugars as polysaccharides
• Plants store as starch – corn and rice starch
• Animals store as glycogen – controlled by the liver

Examples of Polysaccharides

Digestion of Carbohydrates

Occurs in the Stomach and Small Intestine

Absorption of carbohydrates into the blood occurs in the

Small Intestine

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Digestion ⇒ Glucose ⇒ Liver

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Controls level of dextrose leaving with the blood

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Extra sugar stored as glycogen in the liver or muscles till needed

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Long term storage as Fats

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Diabetes

Diabetics – lack of the ability to regulate the proper sugar level in the blood

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• Hypoglycemic – insulin level up sugar level down
• Hyperglycemic - insulin level low sugar level up
• Carbohydrates in the blood stimulate the release of insulin into the body

Lipids

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

• Very Large molecules
• Not soluble in water
• Formed from complex sugars
• Made of C – H – O with less Oxygen present than in carbohydrates

Functions of Lipids

FUNCTION – stored energy source

– long term energy source

• Biological Membranes
• Waterproofing
• Chemical messengers
• Store vitamins and minerals – hormones
• Store heat and cool
• Protection of nerves and organs

Examples of Lipids

Lipids in Advertisements

Types of Lipids

• Saturated lipids contain single bonds, all spaces are filled

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• Unsaturated lipids contain double and triple bonds with empty spaces
• Polyunsaturated lipids – complex forms of bonding

Saturated and Unsaturated Fats

Adipose Tissue

• Fat molecules are stored in specialized cells called Adipose Cells
• Once filled Adipose tissues do not shrink
• Everyone is born with Adipose tissue

Adipose Cells and Tissue

Building Blocks of Lipids

• Building Blocks of lipids are fatty acids and glycerol
• Ratio is 3:1
• Fatty acids contain

carboxyl’s – COOH

• Glycerol contains hydroxyls – OH

Basic Units

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• Hydrophobic Units – are afraid of water

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• Hydrophilic Units – are attracted to water

A Triglyceride-A glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains

Other Types of Lipids

• Sterol Hormones – made in the body are lipids
• Cholesterol – a lipid produced by the body
• Waxes – produced by bees

Proteins

• Made of C – H – O – N
• Bonds are covalent bonds called - peptide bonds (polypeptides – complex units of many peptides)
• Monomer – Amino Acids building units of the polymers making proteins
• There are only 20 different amino acids found in living things
• Amino Acids are composed of many C ions in chains, branches, and combinations of both

Amino Acids

Amino Acids

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Amino Group (NH2)

Carboxyl Group (COOH)

Functions of Proteins

FUNCTIONS:

• Control rates of cellular reactions (enzymes)
• Control the cell processes (hormones)
• Form bones/ muscles/ cells
• Transport substances in/out of the cell
• Source of minimal amounts of energy

Enzymes - Hormones

• Enzymes are built and work in the cell where they are produced
• Hormones are built in cells (glands) and released to control activities throughout the body
• Insulin is made in the pancreas

Examples of Proteins

Nucleic Acids

• Very Large macromolecules
• Made of C – H – N – O – P
• Basic monomer – nucleotide
• Types of Nucleic Acids
• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

Nucleotides

• Nucleotides are composed of three parts –
• 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen base

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Functions of Nucleic Acids

FUNCTIONS:

• Store Heredity in the cell
• Control the Actions of the cell
• Transfer Heredity between organisms

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Types of Nucleic Acids

DNA –

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Found primarily in the nucleus of the cell. Also found in organelles of the cell i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts

Controls the heredity of the cell

Double stranded molecule

Types of Nucleic Acids

RNA – Ribonucleic acid

• Found throughout the cell
• Does the work for DNA
• Single strand molecules

Three types of RNA

• messenger RNA
• transfer RNA
• ribosomal RNA

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