Chapter 7� Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

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The Americans

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Men looking over cotton. �Art, Edgar Degas.

Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism

Essential Ideas

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1) Changes in manufacturing launch an Industrial Revolution.

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2) Slavery and economic issues divide the North and South.

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3) Andrew Jackson has popular appeal but uproots many Native Americans.

Important People

• James Madison
• Henry Clay
• James Monroe
• John Quincy Adams
• Andrew Jackson
• Daniel Webster
• John C. Calhoun
• John Marshall

The North and the South develop different economic systems that lead to political differences between the regions.

Another Revolution Affects America

Changes in Manufacturing

• By 1801, inventor Eli Whitney pioneers use of interchangeable parts

• Interchangeable parts are identical pieces used to assemble products

• Factory system: power-driven machinery, workers with different tasks

• Mass production is production of goods in large quantities

• Industrial Revolution—social, economic reorganization:

- machines replace hand tools

- large-scale factory production develops

- result of manufacturing changes

Regional Economies Create Differences

Great Britain Starts a Revolution

• In 18^th century, British first generate power from streams, coal
• Develop power-driven machines for mass production, build factories

The Industrial Revolution in the United States

• After independence, U.S. income primarily from international trade
• Embargo Act of 1807, War of 1812 blockade shut down trade, shipping
• Americans begin to invest in domestic industries

continued Another Revolution Affects America

continued Another Revolution Affects America

New England Industrializes

• Samuel Slater builds first thread factory in Pawtucket, RI (1793)
• Lowell, Appleton, Jackson mechanize all stages cloth making (1813)
• Build weaving factories in Waltham, MA and Lowell, MA
• By late 1820s, Lowell becomes booming manufacturing center
• Thousands—mostly young women—leave family farms to work in Lowell

Two Economic Systems Develop

Agriculture in the North

• Cash crops do not grow well in Northern soil and climate

• Farms in North smaller than South

• In Old Northwest, farmers raise 1 or 2 types of crops, livestock

- sell farm products at city markets; buy other items

• Grains do not need much labor or yield great profit: need no slaves

• Northern slavery dying out by late 1700s

- most Northern states abolish slavery by 1804

continued Two Economic Systems Develop

Cotton Is King in the South

• Eli Whitney’s cotton gin allows farmers to grow cotton for profit
• Great demand for cotton in Britain, growing demand in North
• Poor nonslaveholding farmers go west to �cultivate cotton
• Plantation system established in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama

Slavery Becomes Entrenched

• Cotton hugely profitable; by 1820s, demand for slaves increases
• Increase in cotton production parallels increase �in slave population

Clay Proposes the American System

Uniting the Nation’s Economic Interests

• Madison’s plan to unite country’s regions, create strong economy:

- develop transportation systems; make internal improvements

- establish protective tariff

- revive national bank

• House Speaker Henry Clay promotes plan as the American System:

- North produces manufactured goods

- South and West produce food, cotton

- national currency, transportation facilitate trade

- all regions sustain the others making U.S. economically independent

THE MONROE DOCTRINE After Spain and Portugal defeated Napoleon in 1815, these European powers wanted to reclaim their former colonies in Latin America. Meanwhile, the Russians, who had been in Alaska since 1784, were establishing trading posts in what is now California.

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Hence, in his 1823 message to Congress, President Monroe warned all

outside powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. They should not attempt to create new colonies, he said, or try to overthrow the newly inde pendent republics in the hemisphere. The United States would consider such action “dangerous to our peace and safety.” At the same time, the United States would not involve itself in European affairs or interfere with existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere. These principles became known as the Monroe Doctrine.

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continued Clay Proposes the American System

Erie Canal and Other Internal Improvements

• Railroads not yet in common use; first steam engine built 1825
• Many states build turnpikes, toll roads pay for themselves
• Federal government funds highways to connect different regions
• 1838, National Road extends from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL
• Erie Canal links Hudson River to Lake Erie: Atlantic to Great Lakes
• Other states build over 3,000 miles of canals �by 1837

Tariffs and the National Bank

• Madison proposes Tariff of 1816—tariff on imports

- increases cost of foreign goods

- people more likely to buy American goods

- helps pay for improvements

• Northeast welcomes tariff; South, West resent higher prices

• Clay, Calhoun sway congressmen from South, West to approve

• Most leaders agree national bank, national currency benefit all

• In 1816, Second Bank of the United States chartered for 20 years

• James Monroe elected president (1816), begins “Era of good Feelings”

Nationalism exerts a strong influence in the courts, foreign affairs, and westward expansion in the early 1800s.

The Supreme Court Boosts National Power

Strengthening Government Economic Control

• Gibbons v. Ogden: federal government controls interstate commerce

• McCulloch v. Maryland: state cannot overturn laws passed by Congress

Nationalism at Center Stage

Limiting State Powers

• Marshall Court blocks state interference in business, commerce

• Fletcher v. Peck: voids Georgia law violating right to make contract

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: state cannot interfere with contracts

Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

Territory and Boundaries

• Nationalism—national interests come before region, foreign concerns

• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams guided by nationalism

- makes treaties with Britain on Great Lakes, borders, territories

• Spain cedes Florida to U.S. in Adams-Onís Treaty

- gives up claim to Oregon Territory

continued Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy

The Monroe Doctrine

• Spain, Portugal claim old colonies; Russia has trading posts in CA

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warns Europe not to interfere in Americas

- U.S. will not interfere with Europe

Expansion to the West

• Most settlers go west for land, economic opportunity
• Possible to change jobs; Jim Beckwourth is trader, scout, rancher

Nationalism Pushes America West

The Missouri Compromise

• When territory’s population reaches 60,000 may apply for statehood

• Missouri Compromise—preserves balance between slave, free states

- Maine admitted into Union as free state, Missouri as slave state

- divides Louisiana Territory at 36°30’ line: slavery legal in south

Andrew Jackson’s policies speak for common people but violate Native American rights.

Expanding Democracy Changes Politics

Tension Between Adams and Jackson

• In 1824, Andrew Jackson wins popular but not electoral vote
• John Quincy Adams elected president by House with Clay’s support
• Jacksonians claim Adams, Clay have struck a corrupt bargain
• Jacksonians reformed the Democratic Party, block Adams’s policies

The Age of Jackson

Democracy and Citizenship

• Most states ease voting qualifications; few require property
• In 1828, numerous new voters help Jackson win presidency

Jackson’s New Presidential Style

Jackson’s Appeal to the Common Citizen

• Jackson claims he is of humble origins, though in reality is wealthy

- says Adams is intellectual elitist

• Jackson wins 1828 presidential election by landslide

Jackson’s Spoils System

• Jackson limits appointees to federal jobs to four-year terms

• Uses spoils system—replaces former appointees with own friends

• Friends become primary advisers, dubbed “kitchen cabinet”

Indian Removal Act of 1830

• Whites want to displace or assimilate Native Americans

• Jackson: only solution is to move Native Americans off their land

- thinks assimilation cannot work

- too many troops needed to keep whites out of native lands

• Congress passes Indian Removal Act of 1830

- funds treaties that force Native Americans west

• Jackson pressures some tribes to move, forcibly removes others

Removal of Native Americans

The Cherokee Fight Back

• Worcester v. Georgia—state cannot rule Cherokee or invade their land
• Some Cherokee try to continue court fight, minority favor relocation
• Federal agents sign treaty with minority; relocation begins
• By 1838, 20,000 remain; President Martin Van Buren orders removal

continued Removal of Native Americans

The Trail of Tears

• Cherokee sent west on Trail of Tears; 800-mile trip made on foot
• Cherokee are robbed by government officials, outlaws; thousands die

Andrew Jackson confronts two important issues during his presidency—states’ rights and a national bank.

A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue

The Nullification Theory

• British try to flood U.S. with cheap goods; tariff raised 1824, 1828

• Vice-president John C. Calhoun calls 1828 Tariff of Abominations

• Thinks South pays for North’s prosperity; cotton prices low

• Calhoun devises nullification theory:

- questions legality of applying federal laws to states

- Constitution based on compact among states

- state can reject law it considers unconstitutional

- states have right to leave Union if nullification denied

States’ Rights and the National Bank

Hayne and Webster Debate States’ Rights

• Senator Robert Hayne argues Southern view of tariff, states’ rights
• Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts defends Union
• Jackson believes Union “must be preserved”; Calhoun resigns

continued A Tariff Raises the States’ Rights Issue

South Carolina Rebels

• South Carolina declares 1828, 1832 tariffs null; threatens to secede
• Congress passes Force Bill: can use army, navy against S. Carolina
• Henry Clay proposes tariff that lowers duties over 10 years

Jackson Opposes the Bank

• Jackson vetoes bill to recharter Second Bank of the United States
• Presents bank as privileged institution that favors the wealthy

Jackson Attacks the National Bank

Pet Banks

• Jackson puts federal money in state banks loyal to Democratic Party
• BUS president Nicholas Biddle unsuccessfully maneuvers to save bank

Whig Party Forms

• People unhappy with Jackson form Whig Party, back American System

Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy

Jackson’s Legacy

• Martin Van Buren wins 1836 election with Jackson’s support

• Pet banks print bank notes in excess of gold, silver they have

• Government demands specie (gold, silver) to pay for public lands

• Rush to exchange paper money for specie, banks stop taking paper

• Panic of 1837—bank closings, collapse of credit system:

- people lose savings, businesses bankrupted

- more than a third of population out of work

• Van Buren tries unsuccessfully to solve economic problems

continued Van Buren Deals with Jackson’s Legacy

Harrison and Tyler

• Whig William Henry Harrison beats Van Buren in 1840 election
• Harrison enacts Whig program to revitalize economy
• Dies one month later; succeeded by vice-president John Tyler
• Tyler opposes many parts of Whig economic plan