2 of 31

Pencil Grades

HB Scale Hardness, Blackness (F fine point)
#2 is about HB
The harder the pencil the lighter the mark
Hard pencils are used for layout work & lettering guidelines
Use light pressure with hard pencils!
Softer pencils used for final work
Drawings were sometimes inked to improve reproducibility

3 of 31

Pencils

Lead holders were a common type of pencil

Mechanical pencils

Wood pencils

Pencils are kept sharp by turning them as you pull lines.

4 of 31

Paper

Bond, vellum and

Mylar

Graph paper

Paper Sizes

ANSI Sizes (Y14.1)

ANSI A - 8.5 X 11

ANSI B - 11 X 17

ANSI C - 17 X 22

ANSI D - 22 X 34

ANSI E - 34 X 44

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ANSI_size_illustration2.svg

5 of 31

Title Blocks

(See ANSI Y14.1)

Include the following information:

Drawing title

Dwg. No

Sheet no

Revision

Scale

Size

Drawn

Issued

Approval

6 of 31

Graph paper

Engineer's paper

Use the front!

Notice the number of

divisions per inch.

7 of 31

Reproduction of Manual Drawings

Blueprints & Bluelines

Xerography

8 of 31

Drafting Machines

Purpose was to give a horizontal reference.

Some had protractor heads to allow any angle to be transferred.
T-Squares

http://commons.wikimedia.org

In AutoCAD think "ORTHO"

9 of 31

Triangles

Two popular kinds:

30-60-90

45-45-90

Often used in combination

http://commons.wikimedia.org

10 of 31

Using Triangles

Draw line between two points

Draw perpendicular line

Draw parallel line

Draw lines at angles (15 deg increments)

11 of 31

Protractors

Used to measure

and lay out

angles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grad_protractor.png

12 of 31

Compasses & Dividers

For drawing circles and arcs

also for for developments

Used to lay out distances from

a given point.

Think of radiuses as...

DISTANCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrkiel_RB1.jpg

13 of 31

How to sharpen compass lead

14 of 31

Templates

Stencils with

common shapes

and profiles

15 of 31

French Curves

& Flexible Rules

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:French_curve.jpg

16 of 31

Electric Eraser, Eraser Shields

Used to clean up

drawings,

draw hidden lines

17 of 31

Eraser Types

Art Gum

Ruby Red

Kneadable

Vinyl (best)

18 of 31

Draftsman's Dry Cleaning Pad

(aka "scumbags") Holds powdered

gum eraser material.

Used to clean smudges

from drawings

19 of 31

Rulers and Scale

Scales

20 of 31

Rulers and Scales

Understand fractions of an inch.

Be able to read a ruler divided into 64ths of an inch.�Rules and scales are not to be used as straight edges.

21 of 31

Rulers and Scales

Example 2:

22 of 31

Scaled Drawings & Models

23 of 31

Architects Scales

Designed to make life easier!

24 of 31

Architects Scale

Example 2:

25 of 31

Metric Scales

Example:

26 of 31

Engineer Scale

Decimal divisions of an inch.

On ruler (divisions)	Ratio	Scales used
10	1:1	1" = 1" or 1" = 1' or 1" =1 mile
20	1:2	1" = 2" or 1" = 20' or 1" = 200'
30	1:3	1" = 3" or 1" = 30' or 1" = 300'
40	1:4	1" = 4" or 1" = 40' or 1" = 400'
50	1:5	1" = 5" or 1" = 50' or 1" = 500'
60	1:6	1" = 6" or 1" = 60' or 1" = 600'

27 of 31

Engineers Scales

28 of 31

Other Scales

29 of 31

Drawing Units

Know basic imperial units,

Feet in a mile

Feet per yard

Inches per foot

Be able to convert inches to mm

"SI" on a drawing stands for Système international d'unités

The international system of units (metric)

30 of 31

Rules for Writing with Metric Units

See: NIST Link

31 of 31

Angles

Radians

Decimal degrees

Degrees, minutes, seconds (1° 8’ 5”)

What is 49° 30’ in decimal degrees?

Can have decimal parts of minutes

Grad (gradians, gon, grade) 1/400th of a rotation

Grade (slope, % Grade)

Surveyor’s units (N 30d E) ..and more.