The C++ Language

​

Mrs. K. NITHYANANDAKUMARI

Assistant Professor of Computer Science

C.P.A. College

Bodinayakanur

Overview of ‘C++’�

• Bjarne Stroupstrup, the language’s creator
• C++ was designed to provide Simula’s facilities for program organization together with C’s efficiency and flexibility for systems programming.
• Modern C and C++ are siblings

​

​

Outline

• C++ basic features
• Programming paradigm and statement syntax
• Class definitions
• Data members, methods, constructor, destructor
• Pointers, arrays, and strings
• Parameter passing in functions
• Templates
• Friend
• Operator overloading
• I/O streams
• An example on file copy
• Makefile

​

C++ Features�

• Classes
• User-defined types
• Operator overloading
• Attach different meaning to expressions such as a + b
• References
• Pass-by-reference function arguments
• Virtual Functions
• Dispatched depending on type at run time
• Templates
• Macro-like polymorphism for containers (e.g., arrays)
• Exceptions

​

Compiling and Linking�

​

• A C++ program consists of one or more source files.
• Source files contain function and class declarations and definitions.

​

• Files that contain only declarations are incorporated into the source files that need them when they are compiled.

​

• Thus they are called include files.

​

• Files that contain definitions are translated by the compiler into an intermediate form called object files.

​

• One or more object files are combined with to form the executable file by the linker.

A Simple C++ Program

#include <cstdlib>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main ( ) {

intx, y;

cout << “Please enter two numbers:”;

cin >> x >> y;

int sum = x + y;

cout << “Their sum is “ << sum << endl;

return EXIT_SUCCESS;

}

The #include Directive

• The first two lines:

#include <iostream>

#include <cstdlib>

incorporate the declarations of the iostream and cstdlib libraries into the source code.

​

• If your program is going to use a member of the standard library, the appropriate header file must be included at the beginning of the source code file.

The using Statement�

• The line

using namespace std;

tells the compiler to make all names in the predefined namespace std available.

• The C++ standard library is defined within this namespace.
• Incorporating the statement

using namespace std;

is an easy way to get access to the standard library.

• But, it can lead to complications in larger programs.

​

• This is done with individual using declarations.

using std::cin;

using std::cout;

using std::string;

using std::getline;

​

​

​

Compiling and Executing�

​

• The command to compile is dependent upon the compiler and operating system.
• For the gcc compiler (popular on Linux) the command would be:
• g++ -o HelloWorld HelloWorld.cpp
• For the Microsoft compiler the command would be:
• cl /EHsc HelloWorld.cpp
• To execute the program you would then issue the command
• HelloWorld

THANK YOU

www.myassignmenthelp.net