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Anthropometric measures related to face

DR NANDAKUMAR K

PROFESSOR

MES DENTAL COLLEGE

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Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.

Leonardo da Vinci

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Introduction

Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.

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Introduction (contd)

Anthropometry - dimensions and relationships of the face by use of soft tissue points.
Cephalometric analysis - bone relationships by use of a standardized radiograph.

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Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.

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History

This system came to be called "Bertillonage" and laid the foundation for modern anthropometry

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the study of the human body to define size and weight measurements and proportional relationships.

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Anthropometry

Anthroposcopy

Photogrammetry

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Anthropometric Instruments

Sliding anthropometric caliper
Spreading anthropometric caliper
Anthropometer
Head spanner

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Anthropometer

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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The maxillator

The Salzman Maxillator provides a means of measuring the face and its components, including the jaws, other bone and soft tissue landmarks.

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Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Anthropometric Instruments (contd)

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Skin fold caliper

Weight scale

Willis gauge

Digital caliper

Vernier caliper

Tape measure

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Anthropometric landmarks

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Landmarks on maxilla

Landmarks on mandible

Soft tissue landmarks

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Landmarks on maxilla

A-point (Subspinale, ss)
ANS (Anterior nasal spine)
Or (Orbitale)
PNS (Posterior nasal spine)
Pr (Prosthion)

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Or

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Landmarks on mandible

Ar (Articulare)
Cd (Condylion)
Go (Gonion)
Id (Infradentale)
B point (Supramentale)
Pg (Pogonion)
Gn (Gnathion)
Me (Menton)

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Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

Ar (Articulare)—The intersection of the lateral radiographic image of the posterior border of the ramus with the occipital bone.

Cd, Co (Condylion)—The superior most point on the outline of the mandibular condyle.

Go (Gonion)—The point which on the jaw angle is the most inferiorly, posteriorly, and outwardly directed

Id (Infradentale)—The highest and the most anterior point in the alveolar process

B point (Supramentale) It is defined as the most posterior point in the concavity between the crest of the mandibular alveolar process and pogonion.

Pg, Pog, or P (Pogonion)—The most anterior point in the contour of the chin

Gn, GN or Pgn (Gnathion or Prognathion)—the most inferior point in the contour of the chin

Me (Menton)—the most inferior point on the mandibular symphysis in the midsagittal plane.

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Soft Tissue Landmarks

G' (Glabella)
N' (Soft-tissue nasion)
Pn (Pronasale)
Cm (Columella)
Sn (Subnasale)
A' (Soft-tissue A point)

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Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

Pn

Cm

A’

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UL (Labrale superius)
Stm (Stomion)
LL (Labrale inferius)
B' (Soft-tissue B point)
Pg' (Soft-tissue pogonion)
Gn' (Soft-tissue gnathion)

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Stm

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Tr ( Trichion)
En (Endocanthion)
Ex ( Exocanthion)
Sto (Stomion)
Ch (Cheilion)
T (Tragions)
Zy (Zygions)
P (Pupil)

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Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Neoclassical canons

Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.

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Neoclassical canons (contd)

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1:0.97- men

1:0.86- women

1:1.2:1.3 -men 1:1.2:1.2 -women

Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.

torsello

Five neoclassical canons were measured on the profile picture as follows18: –

Two section facial profile canon: special head height (vertexendocanthion or v-en) = special face height (endocanthiongnathion or en-gn) (Fig. 1). –

Three section facial profile canon: forehead height II (trichion-nasion or tr-n) = nose lenght (nasion-subnasale or n-sn) = lower face height (subnasale-gnathion or sn-gn) (Fig. 1). –

Four section facial profile canon: height of calvaria (vertextrichion or v-tr) = forehead height I (trichion-glabella or tr-g) = special upper face height (glabella-subnasale or gsn) = lower face height (subnasale-gnathion or sn-gn) (Fig. 1). –

Naso aural proportion canon: nose lenght (nasionsubnasale or n-sn) = ear lenght (supraaurale-subuaurale or sa-sba) (Fig. 1). –

The nasal bridge inclination is the same as the ear inclination (Fig. 1).

Ratio of 1:0.97 for men and 1:0.86 for women between facial halves. • Men show longer lower faces than do women on the average DIVISION BY HALVES
Ratios of 1:1.2:1.3 for men and 1:1.2:1.2 for women.  Men tend toward progressively larger facial thirds superior to inferior. Women have a less prominent lower facial component to their facial proportions and tend toward equal middle and lower facial heights

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Neoclassical canons (contd)

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Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.

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Nasofrontal and nasolabial angles

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Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.

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Facial profile

Proffit, William R, Henry W. Fields, and David M. Sarver. Contemporary Orthodontics. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier/Mosby, 2013. Print.

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The profile is examined from the side by making the patient view at a distant object, with the FH plane parallel to the floor. • Clinically or in extraoral photographs, the profile can be obtained by joining two reference lines: a. Line joining glabella and soft tissue point A. b. Line joining point A and soft tissue pogonion.

21. Three types of profiles are seen: a. Straight / orthognathic profile : • The two lines form an almost straight line. b. Convex profile : • The two lines form an acute angle with the concavity facing the tissues. • This type of profile is seen in Class II div 1 patients due to either a protruded maxilla or a retruded mandible. c. Concave profile: • The two lines form an obtuse angle with the convexity facing the tissues. • This type of profile is seen in Class III patients due to either a protruded mandible or a retruded maxilla.

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Craniometric indices

Facial index: The Facial Index is calculated using the formula:

Facial Index =

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Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Palatine index

Palatine index is calculated using the formula:

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Leptostaphyline X–79.9

Mesostaphyline 80.0–84.

Brachystaphyline 85.0–X

Premkumar, Sridhar. TEXTBOOK OF ORTHODONTICS - E-Book. India, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.

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Reference planes

Raghav D, Kapoor K, Alqahtani AA,

Kola MZ, Alqahtani F. Intricate relations and concepts of reference

points in prosthodontics: A literature review. Eur J Prosthodont

2016;4:1-6.

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Occlusal plane analysis

Veeraiyan, Deepak N. Textbook of Prosthodontics., 2^nd ed , 2017. Print.

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Vertical dimension of occlusion

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Turrell AJ. Clinical assessment of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1972 Sep;28(3):238-46.

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Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension

Singh DK, Subhas S, Gupta A, Kesari M, Kumar A, Nayak L. Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension. J Family Med Prim Care 2020;9:2056-60.

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McGee in 1947 correlated the known vertical dimension of occlusion with three facial measurements which he claimed remain constant throughout life. The three measurements are: the distance from the center of the pupil of the eye to a line projected laterally from the median line of the lips; the distance from the glabella to the subnasion; and the distance between the angles of the mouth with the lips in repose. McGee stated that two of these three measurements will be invariably equal, and occasionally all three will be equal to one another

Based on which another study was conducted in 2020 by Singh DK on south indian population aiming to correlate the vertical dimension at occlusion

to 13 anthropometric measurements

(b and c) The vertical dimension at occlusion. (d) Horizontal distance between pupils. (e) Vertical height of the eyebrow to the ala of the nose (f) Vertical distance from pupil of the eye to the cheilion (g) Vertical height of the nose(subnasion to glabella)

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Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension (contd)

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Singh DK, Subhas S, Gupta A, Kesari M, Kumar A, Nayak L. Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension. J Family Med Prim Care 2020;9:2056-60.

The method of adopted by Hurst is based upon the length of the upper lip and the amount of the central incisor that is exposed when the lips are parted in repose.

Distance from the eyebrow line to the triichion(in female). (b) Distance from the cheilion to cheilion. (c) the length of one eye. Exocanthion to endocanthion of one eye (d) Vertical height of the ear superior auricle to sub auricle. (e) distance between the inner canthus of the eye to the other. (f) Distance from the outer corner of the eye to the inner corner. (g) Distance between the outer canthus and ear. (h) Distance between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the index finger when the hand lays flat

In this study, they observed that vertical distance from the pupil to corner of the mouth, vertical height of the ear is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in female patients and twice the length of the eye and distance between the tip of the thumb and tip of the index finger is closest to the vertical dimension at occlusion in male patients.

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Anthropometry- Application in teeth selection

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Typal form concept by Hall

Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.

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Berry’s biometric index

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Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.

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Typal form theory by Leon William

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Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.

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Maxillary Arch Outline Form

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Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.

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Philip S. Baker; Walter J. Morris; Carol A. Lefebvre; George A. Price; Stephen W. Looney (2011). Relationship of denture cast measurements to width of maxillary anterior teeth. , 105(1), 44–50.

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Distance from D- E + 10= Width of 6 maxillary anteriors

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Sear’s anthropometric cephalic index method

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Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.

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H. Pound Concept

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Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.

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Width of nose

Kern BE. Anthropometric parameters of tooth selection. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;17(5):431-437.

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Brian contradicted that there was no significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the interalar width of the nose.

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Intercondylar width

Keshvad A, Winstanley RB, Hooshmand T. Intercondylar width as a guide to setting up complete denture teeth. J Oral Rehabil. 2000 Mar;27(3):217-26.

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A strong correlation was found between the intercondylar width and intermolar distance suggesting that condylar width measurement can be used arrange posterior teeth irrespective of the amount of bone resorption

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Incisive papilla

Amin, W. et al. “The relationships of the maxillary central incisors and canines to the incisive papilla in Jordanians.” The journal of contemporary dental practice 9 5 (2008): 42-51 .

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Kukharev, G. A.; Kaziyeva, N. (2020). Digital Facial Anthropometry: Application and Implementation. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 30(3), 496–511.

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Conclusion

Anthropometric measures play inevitable role in the branch of prosthodontics.
These measures are widely used to determine the vertical dimension of an edentulous patient.

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References

Premkumar, sridhar. Textbook of orthodontics - e-book. India, elsevier health sciences, 2015.
Rahn, Arthur O, John R. Ivanhoe, Kevin D. Plummer, and Charles M. Heartwell. Textbook of Complete Dentures. , 2009.
Budai M, Farkas LG, Tompson B, Katic M, Forrest CR. Relation between anthropometric and cephalometric measurements and proportions of the face of healthy young white adult men and women. J Craniofac Surg. 2003 Mar;14(2):154-61; discussion 162-3.
Kern BE. Anthropometric parameters of tooth selection. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;17(5):431-437.
Smith BJ. The value of the nose width as an esthetic guide in prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 1975 Nov;34(5):562-73.

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Singh DK, Subhas S, Gupta A, Kesari M, Kumar A, Nayak L. Facial measurements: A guide for vertical dimension. J Family Med Prim Care 2020;9:2056-60.
Wehner PJ, Hickey JC, Boucher CO. Selection of artificial teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1967 Sep;18(3):222-32.
Ladda R, Bhandari AJ, Kasat VO, Angadi GS. A new technique to determine vertical dimension of occlusion from anthropometric measurements of fingers. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24:316-20.
Philip S. Baker; Walter J. Morris; Carol A. Lefebvre; George A. Price; Stephen W. Looney (2011). Relationship of denture cast measurements to width of maxillary anterior teeth. , 105(1), 44–50.
Kukharev, G. A.; Kaziyeva, N. (2020). Digital Facial Anthropometry: Application and Implementation. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, 30(3), 496–511.

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Cross references

Shalini S et al., Methods to Determine Vertical Jaw Relation- Review . American Journal of PharmTech Research 2019.
Torsello F, Mirigliani L, D'Alessio R, Deli R. Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models. Prog Orthod. 2010;11(1):13-9.
Turrell AJ. Clinical assessment of vertical dimension. J Prosthet Dent. 1972 Sep;28(3):238-46.
Vasantha Kumar M, Ahila SC, Suganya Devi S. The science of anterior teeth selection for a completely edentulous patient: a literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2011 Mar;11(1):7-13.
Young HA. Selecting the anterior tooth mould. J Prosthet dent. 1954;4:748–760.
Keshvad A, Winstanley RB, Hooshmand T. Intercondylar width as a guide to setting up complete denture teeth. J Oral Rehabil. 2000 Mar;27(3):217-26.
Raghav D, Kapoor K, Alqahtani AA, Kola MZ, Alqahtani F. Intricate relations and concepts of reference points in prosthodontics: A literature review. Eur J Prosthodont 2016;4:1-6.

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