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Social problems in Pakistan

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Youth bulge

  • Pakistan is in demographic transition
  • Declining fertility rates have stalled dependency ratio
  • Previous high fertility rates have led to a young population
  • According to UNDP, 64% of total population of Pakistan is below the age of 30

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Problems

  • Pakistan ranks at 22nd position in youth development Index
  • Restricted pathways: Low educational and employment outcomes
  • lack of modern skills ( 9.8 percent male, 12.3 female)
  • Youth faces the problems of corruption and discrimination
  • The problem of marginalized rural youth
  • Social political restlessness
  • Increasing crime rate

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Solutions

  • Skill development
  • Political participation
  • Micro financing schemes
  • Integration of rural youth
  • Growth of private sector
  • Growth in national economy

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Rural urban migration

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Push factors for migration

  • Relatively low incomes
  • Unemployment
  • Shortage of land
  • Negative amenities of life
  • Poor rural infrastructure
  • Ethnic clashes
  • Political instability

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Pull factors for migration

  • Relatively high incomes
  • Employment opportunities
  • Positive amenities of life
  • Political stability
  • Law and order
  • More avenues of social mobility

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Problems

  • Stress on cities
  • Loss of agricultural sector
  • Loss of rural infrastructure
  • Urban sprawl
  • Increasing crime rate in cities
  • Family tensions and breakdown

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Solutions

  • Balanced growth of regions and cities
  • The creation of new cities
  • Development of rural infrastructure
  • Provision of modern amenities of life in rural setting
  • transformation of rural economy

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Poverty in Pakistan

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Overview

  • Poverty is multi dimensional: it reflects not just monetary deprivation but also the inaccessibility of health education and other basic amenities of life
  • poverty is not a constant phenomenon Pakistan: regional disparities, rural and urban disparities
  • According to MPI report of Pakistan: educational deprivation is one of the strongest contributors of poverty in Pakistan (42.8 percent), followed by living standards ( 31.5 percent), then healthcare (25.7 percent)
  • Four out of 10 Pakistani live in multi dimensional poverty

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Causes

  • Vicious cycle of poverty
  • Lack of employment opportunities
  • Lack of FDI
  • Use of backward technology
  • absence of credit facilities
  • improper income distribution in society

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Solutions

  • Pro poor budgetary expenditure as share of GDP must be increased
  • targeted social protection programs
  • growth of private sector
  • provision of credit facilities
  • Rural support programs
  • Chinese model (Area specification, Micro financing, educational subsidies)

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Illiteracy in Pakistan

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Causes

  • Illiterate parents
  • Agrarian Ethos
  • Ancestral professions
  • Poor transportation

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Impacts

  • Lower development of resources
  • Barrier to social change
  • Low prestige
  • Crime and violence

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Vocational education

  • Refers to post secondary education furnished with technical skills aimed at making technicians

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Importance of vocational education

  • Very pertinent in modern sophisticated and specialized industrial sectors
  • Controls unemployment
  • Extremely job oriented
  • Emphasis upon knowledge economy
  • Helps in alleviating poverty
  • Helps in national growth

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Problems in vocational sector of Pakistan

  • Obsolete curriculum
  • Low prestige attached
  • Academia industrial linkage missing
  • Less focus on skill development
  • Low enrollment
  • Shortage of quality teachers
  • Lack of coordination at national level
  • Low women ratio

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Solutions

  • Industrial linkages
  • Women inclusion
  • National coordination
  • More budgetary allocation
  • Institutions at local level
  • Area specific institutions
  • Curricula Revision

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Problems

  • 62% literacy rate
  • 22 million out of school children
  • Segmentation
  • Problem of quality
  • Lack of skill upgradation
  • Lack of academia industrial linkage
  • regional and rural asymmetries

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Solutions

  • Standard curriculum
  • Growth of private sector
  • Penetration in far flung areas
  • Incentivize the education
  • Gender inclusion
  • Scholarship programs
  • Taleemi razakars
  • Makeshift schools

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