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NEW DARK AGE [day 3]

DCI 271

Prof. Mackenzie Brooks

May 1, 2025

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Icebreaker

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“We have been conditioned to believe that computers render the world clearer and more efficient, that they reduce complexity and facilitate better solutions to the problems that beset us, and that they expand our agency to address an ever-widening domain of experience. But what if this is not true at all? A close reading of computer history reveals an ever-increasing opacity allied to a concentration of power, and the retreat of that power into ever more narrow domains of experience.”

-pg 34

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“By conflating approximation with simulation, the high priests of computational thinking replace the world with flawed models of itself; and in doing so, as the modellers, they assume control of the world.”

-pg 35

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Your turn:

  • How do we feel about these projects?
  • What are the tradeoffs when it comes to this (public) data?
  • What is enabled? What does this data hide?
  • What are other research questions you could conceive of with the flight tracker data? With similar public data?

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Code/space

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“Code/spaces describe the interweaving of computation with the built environment and daily experience to a very specific extent: rather than merely overlaying and augmenting them, computation becomes a crucial component of them, such that the environment and the experience of it actually ceases to function in the absence of code.” -pg 37

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  • coded objects
  • coded infrastructures
  • coded processes
  • coded assemblages

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Coded Objects

Machine-readable objects that need code/software to function

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Coded infrastructure

“both networks that link coded objects together and infrastructures that are monitored and regulated, fully or in part, by software.” (Kitchen 6)

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Coded processes

“the transactions and flows of digital capta across coded infrastructure” (Kitchen 6)

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Coded assemblages

“where several different coded infrastructures converge, working together— in nested systems or in parallel, some using coded processes and others not— and become integral to one another over time in producing particular environments” (Kitchen 7)

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Your turn:

  • Is campus a code/space? Why or why not?
  • Where are the coded:
    • objects
    • infrastructures
    • processes
    • assemblages
  • List the software W&L needs/uses to operate.
  • List the software that is part of the W&L experience for you.
  • What happens when these systems go out?
  • How did they ____ without software?
  • What are other code/spaces?

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“Reading a book, listening to music, researching and learning: these and many other activities are increasingly governed by algorithmic logics and policed by opaque and hidden computational processes. Culture is itself a code/space…

Computation actually becomes culture.” pg 39

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Your turn:

What do you know/do that’s not mediated by code?

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Automation bias

  • Combo of opacity/complexity renders computational process illegible
  • Computation itself is perceived to be politically/emotionally neutral

Leads to cognitive bias that “see automated responses as inherently more trustworthy than nonautomated ones.” (Bridle 40)

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But also, decision fatigue!

= laziness?

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Where/when does computational thinking fail/limit us?

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Break!

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Research!!!!!!

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Your turn: pick a professor

  • Google them.
  • Consult their W&L profile and personal website (if it exists)
  • Read their CV.
  • What’s their educational background?
  • What does their research look like? What are their interests? Have they changed over time?
  • What are they publishing?
  • Do they work alone or in a group?

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How does research work?

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How do we do/find research?

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  1. Libraries
  2. Databases (scholarly articles indexed in one place) > A-Z Database list
  3. Digital collections (archival, primary sources)
  4. Newspaper collections
    1. Library of Virginia
    2. Ring-tum Phi
    3. National papers
  5. Google Scholar
  6. .edu vs. gov vs. org

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Pick a name/topic Try a database

  • John Ruskin
  • Alexander Graham Bell
  • Lewis Fry Richardson
  • Vannevar Bush
  • Memex
  • John von Neumann + Klára Dán von Neumann
  • Manhattan Project
  • Vladimir Zworykin
  • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
  • IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator

Can you:

  • Follow a citation to another source
  • Figure out the major scholars
  • See Wikipedia edit history
  • library.wlu.edu
  • Specific library database
  • Google Scholar
  • Google
  • Digital Public Library of America
  • Wikipedia

Can you find:

  • Images
  • Scholarly articles
  • Books
  • Primary sources
  • Non-academic sources
  • Newspaper/magazine articles

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Break!

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Assignment work

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For Tuesday:

  • Dead tech essay + annotated bib due by noon before class
  • Bring 4x print-outs of your topic
  • Start reading chapter 5
  • We’ll be walking to back campus, so plan accordingly.