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��Shielding Solutions to Radiation Exposure Effects: A Preventive Step for Radiation Protection

Submitted By

Kuldeep Kumar (10PP23J32005)

Bandla Siva Rama Koteswara Rao (10PP23J32008)

Kuldeep (10PP23J32001)

Satyendra Pratap Singh(10CC22J32004)

Era Kumari (10CC23J32001)

CSIR- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi

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Introduction

Radiation Effects and Problems:-

Increasing the utilization of radiations including x-rays and gamma rays in hospitals and research centers for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, create adverse biological effects. Cell phones emit radiofrequency (RF) radiation from wireless internet and cellular connections, while the batteries emit extremely low-frequency radiation. Certain body parts, such as the head and torso, are much more vulnerable to EMF emissions than the arms and legs.

Damage to DNA
Negative Effects on Brain Activity
Increased Risk of Cancer
Impaired Fertility
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS)
Oxidative Stress and Sleep Changes

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Three principles for radiation safety:-

Time

Distance

Shielding

Choosing the Right Radiation Shielding Material: Deciding Factors

Type of radiation present
Environmental Conditions
Attenuation strength
Flexibility of a material
Cost of a material

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Proposed Shielding Materials

Metal impregnated polymers: Polymers that have amorphous structures, like polycarbonate, PMMA, polystyrene, mixed with Bismuth, Tungsten or iron are better choices for making homogeneous nanocomposites and non-toxic alternative.
Spinel ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are less costly and less toxic than lead, plays an important role in designing of new generation shielding materials.
Ex: Mn, Zn, Ni - ferrite NPs.
Doping with metallic elements may also increase the shielding efficiency.

Properties of common materials used for radiation shielding

Material	Density (g/cm³)	Linear Attenuation Coefficient for 200 KeV gamma-rays	Nature
Lead	11.34	0.992	Toxic
Bismuth Oxide	8.90	0.933	Non-toxic
Tungsten Oxide	7.16	0.647	Non-toxic
Barite	4.48	0.288	Non-toxic

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Methodology for Synthesis

Fig. In situ and melt intercalation synthesis techniques for nano composites

Fig. Co-precipitation method for nanoparticles

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Impact: ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is a motive that strives to reduce the exposure time to ionizing radiation to people and the environment while considering the economics, technology and social factors.

References:

1. Mehrara, R., Malekie, S., Kotahi, S. M. S., & Kashian, S. (2021). Introducing a novel low energy gamma ray shield utilizing Polycarbonate Bismuth Oxide composite. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 10614.

2. Reddy, B. C., Manjunatha, H. C., Vidya, Y. S., Manjunatha, S., Sridhar, K. N., Seenappa, L., ... & Thirunavukkarasu, V. (2023). Spinel manganese nanoferrite for X-ray/gamma radiation shielding, display and antimicrobial applications. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 661, 414835.

3. More, C. V., Alsayed, Z., Badawi, M. S., Thabet, A. A., & Pawar, P. P. (2021). Polymeric composite materials for radiation shielding: a review. Environmental chemistry letters, 19, 2057-2090.