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UNIT I

Introduction: Database system, Characteristics (Database Vs File System), Database Users(Actors on

Scene, Workers behind the scene), Advantages of Database systems, Database applications. Brief

introduction of different Data Models; Concepts of Schema, Instance and data independence; Three

tier schema architecture for data independence; Database system structure, environment, Centralized

and Client Server architecture for the database.

UNIT II

Relational Model: Introduction to relational model, concepts of domain, attribute, tuple, relation,

importance of null values, constraints (Domain, Key constraints, integrity constraints) and their

importance BASIC SQL: Simple Database schema, data types, table definitions (create, alter),

different DML operations (insert, delete, update), basic SQL querying (select and project) using

where clause, arithmetic & logical operations, SQL functions(Date and Time, Numeric, String

conversion).

UNIT III

Entity Relationship Model: Introduction, Representation of entities, attributes, entity set, relationship,

relationship set, constraints, sub classes, super class, inheritance, specialization, generalization using

ER Diagrams. SQL: Creating tables with relationship, implementation of key and integrity

constraints, nested queries, sub queries, grouping, aggregation, ordering, implementation of different

types of joins, view(updatable and non-updatable), relational set operations.

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UNIT IV

Schema Refinement (Normalization): Purpose of Normalization or schema refinement, concept of

functional dependency, normal forms based on functional dependency(1NF, 2NF and 3 NF), concept

of surrogate key, Boyce-codd normal form(BCNF), Lossless join and dependency preserving

decomposition, Fourth normal form(4NF), Fifth Normal Form (5NF).

UNIT V

Transaction Concept: Transaction State, Implementation of Atomicity and Durability, Concurrent Executions, Serializability,

Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Testing for Serializability,Failure Classification, Storage, Recovery and Atomicity,

Recovery algorithm.Indexing Techniques: B+ Trees: Search, Insert, Delete algorithms, File Organization and Indexing,

Cluster Indexes, Primary and Secondary Indexes , Index data Structures, Hash Based Indexing: Tree

base Indexing ,Comparison of File Organizations, Indexes and Performance Tuning

Text Books:

1) Database Management Systems, 3/e, Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke, TMH

2) Database System Concepts,5/e, Silberschatz, Korth, TMH

Reference Books:

1) Introduction to Database Systems, 8/e C J Date, PEA.

2) Database Management System, 6/e Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe, PEA

3) Database Principles Fundamentals of Design Implementation and Management, Corlos

Coronel, Steven Morris, Peter Robb, Cengage Learning.

e-Resources:

1) https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/105/106105175/

2) https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-to-nosql/

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