FDR’S New Deal�1933 - 1941

Relief

Recovery

Reform

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Dorothea Lange's famous photograph, "Migrant Mother," taken during the Great Depression, 1936

Crowd Outside the Broadway Theater, 1933 (OrHi 102695)

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The Great Depression worsens.

Businesses and banks fail. Banking System near collapse.

Dole Queue outside the Oddfellows Hall, Church St, Charing Cross, 1936

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People Continue to suffer hardship and lose hope. Millions are jobless.

David Morse stands alongside one of his father’s famous “tin man” signs, which once could be seen all over Whatcom County.

Roosevelt elected President in 1932.

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Cars Towing FSA Trailers�Cars tow Farm Security Administration trailers past the Lincoln Memorial during an event. Trailers were used by the Farm Security Administration to provide families temporary housing during the Great Depression. Washington D.C., March 1941.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt to Herbert Hoover: Just leave �them Herb. I'll do it all after March 4th.

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FDR’S First Hundred Days

• FDR pushes programs through Congress to provide relief, create jobs, and stimulate economic recovery
• “Bank Holiday” – ordered all banks to close for four days to pass the Emergency Banking Act – gov’t inspected financial health of banks
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 1933 – insures all bank deposits up to $5,000
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 1934 – created to regulate the stock market and protect investors from dishonest trading practices
• Took America off the gold standard to devalue our money – wanted to raise farm prices and stimulate exports

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The only thing…fear

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The SEC finds Martha

Stewart guilty of insider trading and sends her to jail.

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Cliff Berryman, Washington Evening Star (1938)

• Civil Works Administration (CWA) 1933 – put unemployed to work building roads, parks, airports, and other facilities
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)1933 – put young unmarried men to work maintaining forests, beaches and parks – received food, housing and medical care
• National Recovery Administration (NRA) 1933 – attempted to stabilize the economy, regulated wages, controlled working conditions, production and prices, declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) 1934 – improve housing standards and conditions, insured mortgages and stabilized mortgage market
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) 1933 – tried to raise the price of crops by telling farmers to lower farm output, declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court
• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 1933 – reactivated a hydroelectric power facility – provided cheap electricity, controlled flooding and provided recreational opportunities

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Business showing support and

patriotism for the NRA.

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Children Forming New Deal Emblem�Several thousand San Francisco schoolchildren mass together to form the patriotic "Blue Eagle" of the National Recovery Administration.

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Civilian Conservation Corps Enrollee�A Civilian Conservation Corps enrollee surfaces a road in Beltsville, Maryland. May 1940.

CCC recruits about to leave for Missoula.

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A dam being built, thanks to the

Tennessee Valley Authority, in 1942

The dark green area is the TVA.

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• Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) 1933 – provided funds to state relief agencies
• Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) 1933 – provided low cost mortgage refinancing to homeowners facing foreclosure
• Public Works Administration (PWA) 1933 – sponsored massive public works projects such as dams and hydroelectric plants
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) 1935 – gave the unemployed work in building construction and arts programs
• National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) 1935 – enforced provisions in the Wagner Act, which included the right to collective bargaining and other union rights
• National Youth Administration NYA) 1935 – provided education, jobs, recreation and counseling to youth ages 16 to 25
• Rural Electrification Administration (REA) 1935 – provided loans for building power plants, extending power lines to rural areas and wiring homes

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Columbus Dispatch (1935)

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The Sower, January, 1934

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Applicants at WPA Office�A crowd of job seekers stands outside the Works Progress Administration office in Seattle in 1937. Washington, USA.

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WPA Road Construction Project�A road construction project in Manhattan is funded by the Work Projects Administration.

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WPA Workers in New York, 1930s�

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Housewives Quilting�Housewives quilting during one of their weekly group meetings at the Tygart Valley Subsistence homesteads, a US Resettlement Administration project. Near Elkins, West Virginia, September 1938.

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Daniel Fitzpatrick, St Louis Post (1936)

New Deal Falters

• Critics began to realize the New Deal gave too much power to the federal government
• The Supreme Court struck down some of the New Deal agencies – they were unconstitutional

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Second New Deal�Second Hundred Days

• Included more social welfare benefits, stricter control over business, stronger support for unions, and higher taxes for the rich
• Social Security Administration (SSA) 1935– provide financial security to people who could not support themselves
• Old age pensions and survivors benefits
• Unemployment insurance
• Aid for dependent children, the blind, and the disabled

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The New Deal Critics

• Women – the programs paid lower wages to them and preferred men over women
• African Americans – programs reinforced racial segregation, lower paid jobs and unskilled jobs
• The New Deal started deficit spending – paying out more money from the annual federal budget than the government receives in revenues
• You can thank FDR for our growing national debt, he started it with his New Deal programs!!!

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FDR’S Court Packing Incident

• FDR tried to “pack” the Supreme Court with six more justices
• Why? The 9 justices had already invalidated some of his programs. He was mad!!
• He said the 9 justices needed help BUT he really wanted more support for his New Deal programs
• Congress was reminded that the Constitution has separation of powers – the president is not supposed to be more powerful than any other branch
• The Supreme Court remained the same – 9 justices, FDR did not get his way

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Lasting Effects of the New Deal

• Voters expect the president to solve the nation’s problems
• People accepted more government intervention in their lives
• Social Security still provides money to those that qualify.
• Labor unions grew stronger and more powerful
• The FDIC still guarantees bank deposits, but today they guarantee up to $100,000 per depositor
• The Security Exchange Commission continues to monitor the stock exchange
• The Tennessee Valley Authority remains a model of government planning.

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Congress passes legislation for relief, economic recovery, and financial reform.

��The president's view of the chamber.

Supreme Court strikes down several programs.

Supreme Court Building

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Unions grow & become more powerful.

Social Security

program is established.

Role of government in economy increases.

What helped America out of the Great Depression?

America entering World War II.

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