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Unit 7A:�Cognition: Memory

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Unit Overview

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

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The Phenomenon of Memory

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Introduction�

  • Memory
  • Extremes of memory

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Information Processing

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Introduction� Atkinson-Shiffrin Three-Stage Model

  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval

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Introduction�

  • Connectionism
  • Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory

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Introduction�

  • Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory
    • Information directly into long-term memory
    • Working memory

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory�

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Encoding: Getting Information In�How We Encode

  • Automatic Processing
    • Parallel processing
    • Automatic processing
      • Space
      • Time
      • Frequency
      • Well-learned information

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Encoding: Getting Information In�How We Encode

  • Effortful Processing
  • Rehearsal (conscious repetition)
  • Ebbinghaus curve

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Encoding: Getting Information In�How We Encode

  • Ebbinghaus curve

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Encoding: Getting Information In�How We Encode

  • Overlearning
  • Spacing effect
    • Massed practice
    • Distributed practice
  • Testing effect

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Encoding: Getting Information In�How We Encode

  • Serial position effect
    • Recency effect
    • Primacy effect

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Levels of Processing
  • Self-reference effect

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Visual Encoding
    • Imagery
      • Rosy retrospection
    • Mnemonics
      • Peg-word system

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Chunking
      • acronym

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Encoding: Getting Information In�What We Encode

  • Organizing Information for Encoding
    • Hierarchies

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Storage: Retaining Information�Sensory Memory

  • Sperling’s memory experiment
  • Iconic memory
  • Echoic memory

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Storage: Retaining Information�Working/Short-Term Memory

  • Magic number Seven
    • Plus or minus 2
  • The list of magic sevens
    • Seven wonders of world
    • Seven seas
    • Seven deadly sins
    • Seven primary colors
    • Seven musical scale notes
    • Seven days of the week

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Storage: Retaining Information�Long-Term Memory

  • Unlimited nature of long-term memory

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Storage: Retaining Information�Storing Memories in the Brain

  • Synaptic Changes
    • Memory trace
    • Long-term potentiation (LTP)
    • Memory boosting drugs
      • CREB
      • glutamate

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Storage: Retaining Information�Storing Memories in the Brain

Stress Hormones and Memory

    • Emotions and memories
    • Flashbulb memory

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Storage: Retaining Information�Storing Memories in the Brain

  • Storing Implicit and Explicit Memories
    • Amnesia
    • H.M. Studies

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Storage: Retaining Information�Storing Memories in the Brain

  • Storing Implicit and Explicit Memories
    • Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)
    • Explicit memory (declarative memory)
  • Hippocampus
  • Cerebellum

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Storage: Retaining Information�Storing Memories in the Brain

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�

  • Recall
  • Recognition
  • Relearning

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Retrieval Cues

  • Retrieval cues
  • Mnemonic devices
  • Priming

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Priming�

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Priming�

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Priming�

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

  • Context effects
  • Déjà vu

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Context Effects

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Retrieval: Getting Information Out�Moods and Memories

  • State dependent memory
  • Mood congruent memory

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Forgetting

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Introduction�

  • A.J.

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Introduction�

  • Schacter’s sevens sins of memory
    • Sins of Forgetting
      • Absent-mindedness
      • Transience
      • Blocking

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Introduction�

  • Schacter’s sevens sins of memory
    • Sins of distortion
      • Misattribution
      • Suggestibility
      • Bias
    • Sin of intrusion
      • persistence

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Encoding Failure�

  • Encoding failure

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Encoding Failure�

  • Encoding failure

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Encoding Failure�

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Storage Decay�

  • Storage decay
    • Ebbinghaus curve

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Storage Decay�

  • Storage decay
    • Ebbinghaus curve

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Ebbinghaus Curve�

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Ebbinghaus Curve�

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Retrieval Failure�

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Retrieval Failure�Interference

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Retrieval Failure�Interference

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Retrieval Failure�Interference

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Retrieval Failure�Interference

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Retrieval Failure�Interference

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Retrieval Failure�Interference

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Retrieval Failure�Motivated Forgetting

  • Self-serving personal histories
  • Repression

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Retrieval Failure�Motivated Forgetting

  • Self-serving personal histories
  • Repression

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Retrieval Failure�Motivated Forgetting

  • Self-serving personal histories
  • Repression

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Retrieval Failure�Motivated Forgetting

  • Self-serving personal histories
  • Repression

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Memory Construction

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Misinformation and Imagination Effects

  • Loftus memory studies
    • Misinformation effect

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Source Amnesia�

  • Source amnesia (source misattribution)

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Discerning True and False Memories

  • Memory studies
  • Eye witness testimony

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Children’s Eyewitness Recall�

  • Children’s memories of abuse
    • Suggestibility

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Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?

  • Areas of agreement
    • Sexual abuse happens
    • Injustice happens
    • Forgetting happens
    • Recovered memories are incomplete
    • Memories before 3 years are unreliable
    • Hypnotic memories are unreliable
    • Memories can be emotionally upsetting

​

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Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?

  • Loftus studies with children

​

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Improving Memory

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Improving Memory Techniques�

  • Study repeatedly
  • Make the material meaningful
  • Activate retrieval cues
  • Use mnemonic devices
  • Minimize interference
  • Sleep more
  • Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know

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The End

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Teacher Information

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Teacher Information

  • Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
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Teacher Information

  • Continuity slides
    • Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
      • By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
      • By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
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  • Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.

Kent Korek

Germantown High School

Germantown, WI 53022

262-253-3400

kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

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Division title (green print)�subdivision title (blue print)

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Division title (green print)�subdivision title (blue print)

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Definition Slide

= add definition here

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Definition Slides

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Memory

= the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

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Encoding

= the processing of information into the memory systems – for example, by extracting meaning

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Storage

= the retention of encoded information over time.

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Retrieval

= the process of getting information out of memory storage.

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Sensory Memory

= the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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Short-term Memory

= activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten.

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Long-term Memory

= the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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Working Memory

= a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

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Parallel Processing

= the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

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Automatic Processing

= unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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Effortful Processing

= encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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Rehearsal

= the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

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Spacing Effect

= the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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Serial Position Effect

= our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

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Visual Encoding

= the encoding of picture images.

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Acoustic Encoding

= the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

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Semantic Encoding

= the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

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Imagery

= mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

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Mnemonics

= memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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Chunking

= organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

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Iconic Memory

= a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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Echoic Memory

= a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

= an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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Flashbulb Memory

= a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

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Amnesia

= loss of memory.

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Implicit Memory

= retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory)

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Explicit Memory

= memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory)

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Hippocampus

= a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

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Recall

= a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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Recognition

= a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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Relearning

= a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

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Priming

= the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

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Deja Vu

= that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

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Mood Congruent Memory

= the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

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Proactive Interference

= the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

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Retroactive Interference

= the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

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Repression

= in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

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Misinformation Effect

= incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

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Source Amnesia

= attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.