自體的心理學和批判的心理治療�� Psychology of the self and critical psychotherapy

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2021-12-12

KC

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題綱

• (一) What is psychology of the self ?
• (二) What is critical psychotherapy ?
• (三) What is the relationship between psychology of the self and critical psychotherapy ? (回到歷史回到自然) (後人類的世界自體的心理學的最後一章)
• (四) What is critical ?
• (五) Critique what ? (在台灣講批判必須中國觀察和批判)
• (六) Afterthoughts: Critique of the critical psychotherapy
• 5.1 Boundary issue
• 5.2 You cannot afford to be neutral
• 5.3 So, is it nothing but countertransference acting out ?
• 5.4 Cf. mutuality (Peter Rudnytsky, 2021)
• 5.5 System thinking and leverage
• 5.6 Event, evental psychiatry (Vincenzo Di Nicola, 2021), evental psychotherapy

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�先說結論 (2021-2-27 5:37 AM)��

• (1) 帶來的是問號 不是答案
• (2) Any system runs the risk of self-perpetuation. 
• (3) Any system is doomed to be self-perpetuating. 
• (4) 要批判的是 禁錮生命的話語系統 和殘害生命的邪惡制度
• (5) 面對蒙昧和怯弱 批判意識的覺醒 會帶來怎麼樣的行動？
• (6) 批判者在地的時空的主體性 ～ 1987年後 龍天樓後 理應無樓 怎麼樣在台灣 思考和行動 批判的心理治療？
• (7) 三個 「as」 ～ Psychology as a human science / Psychotherapy as a human science / Psychiatry as a human science 
• (8) 在新自由主義的廢墟 (in the ruins of neoliberalism) 眼睜睜看著中共破壞中國文化歷史 集中力量辦惡事 超限戰略 陰謀佈局 套路收買 指鹿為馬 顛倒是非 鯨吞蠶食 滲透侵略 民主自由世界
• (9) 你的人生 不是你的童年 你的夢境 你的大腦 或你的習慣 決定的
• (10) 你的人生 就是你的存在 (being) 和你的存在的可能性 (becoming)
• (11) 心理治療 是普魯斯特的世界 還是卡夫卡式的夢靨？ (Is psychotherapy Proustian or Kafkaesque？) 還是 每個人以不同的比例 兩者皆是？
• (12)「釐清內外 尊重他的決定」�

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緣起

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• Critique of Therapy Culture (2007-1-13)
• 廿世紀白流的鮮血和精神分析: 走向批判心理治療 (2015-2-17)
• 遠方的鼓聲: 關於批判的傳統 (2015-8-12)
• 遠方的鼓聲: 走向批判(的)心理治療 (2015-12-12)
• 流浪貓的流水席 (2016-7-12)
• The Earthquake That Is the Hoffman Report on�Torture: Toward a Re-Moralization of Psychology (2018-9-30)
• Deprescribing and Its Application to Psychiatry (2019-7-3)
• 關於批判的心理治療 (2020-6-29)

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這明顯是幻聽 (2015-12-12)

• 遠方的鼓聲﹕走向批判(的)心理治療 (Drums faraway: March toward critical psychotherapy)

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• 心理治療誕生於廿世紀初葉，迄今已逾百年。治療者，在治療室裡，面對時勢造成的下游浮沉漂流失所的人；在時勢中，溫馴地(甚至過度溫馴地)配合時勢討生活；改變不了時勢，卻自稱擁有內在世界的鎖鑰，可讓人真實知己，俯首接受不公不義的現實，想開一點，好好活下去。自欺欺人，卻裝得一付很有精神的樣子，午夜夢迴的治療者，是應該驚出一身冷汗的。這個學門的歷史，明顯罕見批判的血淚。�
• 遠方的鼓聲？你確定不是幻聽？�
• 批判有三，批判的精神醫學，批判的心理學，批判的心理治療。前兩者之歷史，比較明確。後者，祇有零星的論述，我們還不知道，批判的心理治療的可能性是什麼？這個工作坊，旨於介紹這些遠方的鼓聲，和尋找那個可能性。�
• (1) Where are we? 以Layard Report (2006), Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)為例
• (2) What are we? 以Tod Sloan (1995), Zygmunt Bauman (2003, 2011), Frank Furedi (2003), Michael Foley (2010)為例
• (3) Who are they? 以David Smail (2013), Paul Moloney (2013), Del Loewenthal (2015)為例 
• (4) A few thoughts: Remembering Guattari�

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昔日的批判者 (2017-6-8)

很明顯首先須要有批判的心理治療者才能有所謂的批判的心理治療所以關鍵在批判兩字這兩個字的精神所隱含的操守是流浪的邊緣的無所圖的

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• https://criticalpsychotherapy.wordpress.com/
• https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/11cL4FlDd0J3jHDcVs4LiLzwjFlHufIFZ?usp=sharing

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• Critical Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis and Counselling: Implications for Practice, ed. by Del Loewenthal, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015-5-22

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Critical psychotherapy manifesto (2015-6-27)

• We must resist threats to providing a therapeutic, confidential space. It is our ethical duty to challenge these threats, but we can only do this if we support one another.
• The training of talking therapists must include sociology, philosophy, anthropology, the arts and political economy. It must also develop trainees’ skills to observe and deconstruct ideologies (including our own).
• We must not be seduced by methodologies that simply do not fit what we do. Instead we must find new ways of providing testimonial to ourselves, our colleagues and the public.
• We must be wary of state interventions and psychiatric nosology which threaten pluralism, and the clients right to create a therapeutic space that works for them.
• We must be able to work with our own and others’ sexuality and violence.
• We need to recognise the cult of individualism can create suffering and overshadow the common good.
• We need to work actively around and outside the consulting room to inform and challenge public policy and discourse. Thinking about this must be part of future trainings.

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Tree vs. Rhizome

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甚麼是批判 ?

• 批判的 (critical)  ～  skeptical (懷疑論的 不信邪的), refuse conformity (拒絕被一致化的 換言之 有個性的), not cliché (不流俗 不人云亦云的), contextualized (有來龍去脈 有脈絡的), historical (有歷史感的)

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• To be 'critical', then, does not mean finding the correct standpoint, but it means understanding how we come to stand where we are. (e.g. Griffith & Griffith, 1992) (Deconstructing Psychotherapy, Ian Parker, 1999, p. 4)��

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Not critical enough

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• Critical Thinking in Counselling and Psychotherapy, by Colin Feltham, SAGE, 2010

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批判甚麼 ?

• 1. medical model
• 2. psychoanalysis bashing
• 3. therapy culture
• 4. state regulations
• 5. social injustice
• 6. political oppression

• humanities vs. science

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• science vs. scientism

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• professional vs. professionalism�

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在新自由主義全球化的廢墟�In the ruins of neoliberal globalization

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• Neoliberalism: A Very Short Introduction, by Manfred B. Steger, Ravi K. Roy, OUP, 2e, 2021-1-28

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Neoliberalism and Psychological Ethics�(Jeff Sugarman, 2015)

• This article draws attention to the relationship between neoliberalism and psychology. Features of this relationship can be seen with reference to recent studies linking psychology to neoliberalism through the constitution of a kind of subjectivity susceptible to neoliberal governmentality. Three examples are presented that reveal the ways in which psychologists are implicated in the neoliberal agenda: psychologists’ conception and treatment of social anxiety disorder, positive psychology, and educational psychology. It is hoped that presenting and discussing these cases broadens the context of consideration in which psychological ethics might be examined and more richly informed.

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• It is concluded that only by interrogating neoliberalism, psychologists’ relationship to it, how it affects what persons are and might become, and whether it is good for human well-being can we understand the ethics of psychological disciplinary and professional practices in the context of a neoliberal political order and if we are living up to our social responsibility.

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• Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 2015, Vol. 35, No. 2, 103–116

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在新自由主義全球化的廢墟分一杯羹

• Neoliberalism is reformulating personhood, psychological life, moral and ethical responsibility, and what it means to have selfhood and identity.

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• Although there was but a sprinkling of social science publications referencing neoliberalism in the 1980s, there has been a profusion of interest over the past decade (Boas & Gans-Morse, 2009).

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• Nevertheless, although there is great attention to neoliberalism among scholars in disciplines such as sociology and economics, there is comparatively little discussion of neoliberalism and its consequences among psychologists.

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• Chap 3: Technologies of the Self
• Chap 5: The Postmodern Self
• Chap 6: The Algorithmic Self
• Chap 7: The Individualized Self: From Reinvention to Mobile Lives

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• Concepts of the Self, by Anthony Elliott, Polity, 4e, 2020

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• The Culture of AI: Everyday Life and the Digital Revolution, by Anthony Elliott, Routledge, 2018

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• Defiant Earth: The Fate of Humans in the Anthropocene, by Clive Hamilton, Polity, 2017

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• Philosophical Posthumanism, by Francesca Ferrando, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019
• The Posthuman, by Rosi Braidotti, Polity, 2013��

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• Posthuman Glossary, ed. by Rosi Braidotti, Maria Hlavajova, Bloomsbury Academic, 2018

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• This glossary rests on the working definition of the posthuman as a field of enquiry and experimentation that is triggered by the convergence of post-humanism on the one hand and post-anthropocentrism on the other.

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• Posthumanism focuses on the critique of the humanist ideal of ‘Man’ as the universal representative of the human, while post-anthropocentrism criticizes species hierarchy and advances bio-centred egalitarianism. 

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• Accordingly, in this Posthuman Glossary we take the term ‘posthuman’ to mark the emergence of a transdisciplinary discourse that is more than the sum of posthumanism and post-anthropocentrism, and points to a qualitative leap in a new – perhaps ‘post-disciplinary’ – critical direction.

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• This volume consequently is both an attempt to reflect the current state of posthuman scholarship – by providing a selection of key terms and authors – and a critical intervention in the field.

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行動的必要

• 我生性不群乏行動力但十分厭惡集中力量辦大事

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• 結果自然是隻身除了洗破一堆碗合該一事無成

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• 方法學 ～ CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) & PAR (Participatory Action Research)

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• 但是 比方法學更重要的是行動 (Action)�

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• Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, ed. by Ruth Wodak, Michael Meyer, SAGE, 3e, 2015

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���PAR�

• Participatory Action Research: Theory and Methods for Engaged Inquiry, by Jacques M. Chevalier, Daniel J. Buckles, Routledge, 2e, 1999
• The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research, by Stephen Kemmis, Robin McTaggart, Rhonda Nixon, Springer, 2014 �

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「論述系統」或「話語系統」的分析

• Discourse 應譯為「論述」
• 或更準確的說
• 應譯為「論述系統」或「話語系統」
• 譯為「話語」或「篇章」都不對
• 意思是說我心目中的 Discourse Analysis 
• 是「論述系統」或「話語系統」的分析
• 不是文字修辭分析而已
• 比如說整個精神分析的文獻是一個論述系統
• 整個日本偵探小說的文獻是一個論述系統
• 共匪大外宣的竄改歷史是一個論述系統等等
• 我認為這是傅柯用 Discourse 這個辭的本意

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主要作者

• Del Loewenthal
• Vamik Volkan
• Andrew Samuels
• Manu Bazzano
• James Davies

• Paul Moloney
• Ian Parker
• T. M. Luhrmann
• Lois Holzman
• Fred Newman

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�1. medical model�

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• Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry, by T. M. Luhrmann, Knopf, 2000

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• Cracked: Why Psychiatry is Doing More Harm Than Good, by James Davies, Icon Books Ltd, 2014

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Critical Psychiatry Network (CPN)

• Coercion and social control

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• The role of scientific knowledge in psychiatry

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• Meaning and experience in psychiatry

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http://www.criticalpsychiatry.co.uk/

http://www.criticalpsychiatry.net/

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�2. psychoanalysis bashing�

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• Unfree Associations: Inside Psychoanalytic Institutes, by Douglas Kirsner, Process Press, 2000

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Thirty Methods To Destroy The Creativity Of Psychoanalytic Candidates (Otto Kernberg, 1996)

• The author explores formal aspects of psychoanalytic education relevant to the fostering or inhibiting of creativity in the work of candidates. He refers to thirty features of psychoanalytic institutes that inhibit candidates' creativity and, by implication, illustrate problems in psychoanalytic education that require our attention. These features include systematic slowing down of institutional progression of candidates, repetitive and unquestioning teaching of key papers by Freud, monolithic tendencies regarding theoretical approaches, isolation of candidates from the professional and scientific activities of the psychoanalytic society, accentuation of the hieratical relations among the psychoanalytic faculty, graduation rituals, discouragement of original contributions by candidates, intellectual isolation of institutes, lack of full presentation of clinical work by senior members of the faculty, neglect of studies of controversies regarding psychoanalytic technique, ‘paranoiagenic’ features of the relationship among faculty and regarding requirements for candidates, the ‘convoy’ system, neglect of exploration of the scientific and cultural boundaries and applications of psychoanalysis and the effects of institutional conflicts around the appointment of training analysts.
• Kernberg, O.F. (1996). Thirty Methods To Destroy The Creativity Of Psychoanalytic Candidates. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 77:1031-1040

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• As inequality widens in all sectors of contemporary society, we must ask: is psychoanalysis too white and well-to-do to be relevant to social, economic, and racial justice struggles? Are its ideas and practices too alien for people of color? Can it help us understand why systems of oppression are so stable and how oppression becomes internalized? In A People’s Historyof Psychoanalysis: From Freud to Liberation Psychology, Daniel José Gaztambide reviews the oft-forgotten history of social justice in psychoanalysis. Starting with the work of Sigmund Freud and the first generation of left-leaning psychoanalysts, Gaztambide traces a series of interrelated psychoanalytic ideas and social justice movements that culminated in the work of Frantz Fanon, Paulo Freire, and Ignacio Martín-Baró. Through this intellectual genealogy, Gaztambide presents a psychoanalytically informed theory of race, class, and internalized oppression that resulted from the intertwined efforts of psychoanalysts and racial justice advocates over the course of generations and gave rise to liberation psychology.

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• A People’s History of Psychoanalysis: From Freud to Liberation Psychology, by Daniel José Gaztambide, Lexington Books, 2019

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• Frantz Fanon’s Psychotherapeutic Approaches to Clinical Work: Practicing Internationally with Marginalized Communities, ed. by Lou Turner, Helen Neville, Routledge, 2019

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3. therapy culture

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• Therapy Culture: Cultivating Vulnerability in an Uncertain Age, by Frank Furedi, Routledge, 2003

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• A provocative critique of ‘therapeutic culture’ and its impact on modern society.

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• ‘Therapeutic culture [rather than strengthening individuals] has helped construct a diminished sense of self that characteristically suffers from an emotional deficit and possesses a permanent consciousness of vulnerability’ (p. 22).

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• James Davies (2005). British Journal of Psychotherapy, 22:263-266

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• Furedi is certain that this ‘inner vulnerability’ is not entirely inherent to the human condition, but that it is rather in part ‘therapeutically constructed’, a construct which diminishes individuals in so far as it renders them fearful of their susceptibility to emotional damage.

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• Thus, in an ironic reversal of what most therapists believe, Furedi holds that therapeutic practice, rather than alleviating social and individual ills, is contributing to the weakening of self and society.

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• Furedi argues that this tendency to recast average experiences as potentially damaging has created an understanding of personhood as frail, fragile, and in need of ‘therapeutics’ that can only be provided by a new priestly cast of professionals – the ‘psychotherapeutic elite’.

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• These professionals then engender the widespread belief that the successful management of personal subjectivity and relationships can only be facilitated by a psychotherapeutic expert.

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• This belief naturally creates a market for therapeutic services, which in turn endows these services with ever more power.

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• Furedi suggests this sets in motion a vicious circle that ultimately privileges the practitioner over the patient.

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Critique of Therapy Culture (2007-1-13)

• Person = Victim = User/Patient = Profit

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• … misery might owe much more to what was happening outside of the person’s head, and not only during their childhood

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• The Therapy Industry: The Irresistible Rise of the Talking Cure, and Why It Doesn't Work, by Paul Moloney, Pluto Press, 2013

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��4. state regulations�

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• Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (Richard Layard, 2006)
• Thrive: The Power of Evidence-Based Psychological Therapies (Richard Layard, David Clark, 2014)�

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這個老兄顯然還不夠幸福快樂

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• Can We Be Happier?: Evidence and Ethics, by Richard Layard, Pelican, 2020

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�Layard Report (2006)�

• The “Happiness Czar”

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• Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT)

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• The secrets of well-being can be packaged into a set of psychological competencies.

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• Layard, R., Clark, D., Bell, S., Knapp, M., Meacher, B., Priebe, S., Turnberg, L., Thornicroft, G., & Wright, B. (2006). The depression report; A new deal for depression and anxiety disorders. The Centre for Economic Performance’s Mental Health Policy Group, LSE.
• http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0829.pdf

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• A happy coincidence that there was little difference between the cost to the exchequer of a month’s Incapacity Benefit (IB), and the average regimen of CBT --- about £750.  

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• “If the person works just a month more as a result of the treatment, the treatment pays for itself.” (The Depression Report, p. 1)

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�5. social injustice�6. political oppression�

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• 三觀療法

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• 我們需要的是意識的覺醒

• 和隨之而來的行動

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�6. political oppression�

• Ideology
• Identity
• 仇恨政治學
• politics of memory
• 歷史 誰說了算？
• 不寒而慄
• 萬人野塚
• 蒼天無語  

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An example of meso

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• The paradigm to be reconsidered had been first set out in writings on the subject of unconscious defences against anxiety by Elliott Jaques and Isabel Menzies Lyth, in papers published in 1955 and 1960, respectively.

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• Social Defences Against Anxiety: Explorations in a Paradigm, ed. by David Armstrong, Michael Rustin, Routledge, 2018

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If you ask a conscious question, you get a conscious answer. It is assumed that the object of research is a ‘transparent self’.

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• Centre for Psychoanalytic Studies (CPS; now the Department of Psychosocial and Psychoanalytic Studies, DPPS) at the University of Essex

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• Methods of Research into the Unconscious: Applying Psychoanalytic Ideas to Social Science, ed. by Kalina Stamenova, R. D. Hinshelwood, Routledge, 2018

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• In the past twenty or so years, there has been a great deal of attention given to research methods and methodologies in the social sciences, as a distinct area of reflection and study. One early impetus for this was the wish to establish the legitimate range of social scientific methodologies, and in particular the value of qualitative and interpretative methods, in opposition to a previous hegemony of quantitative and ‘positivist’ approaches in the social sciences.

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• Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic research have until recently had only a very limited place in these debates. Psychoanalysis has throughout its history been mainly conducted as the work of a profession, rather than as an academic discipline. In particular, this has been as a clinical practice, outside the university system and the context of formal scientific research.

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With X in mind

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• With Culture in Mind: Psychoanalytic Stories, by Muriel Dimen, Routledge, 2011

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答客問 (2020-6-22)

1.  心理治療的學派有六百到八百種之多 率皆衝著某個賣點延伸而來 每個學派都有旗幟 都有學會

都有專刊 都有訓練機制 都有證照 都有牆 都像堡壘 都有門戶之見

2.  我想這是造成 治療者的任督二脈打通的困難的關鍵 因為有太多可選的噱頭 以致找不到任督二脈

3.  有人說 關鍵在哪一個理論 對你說話 (speaks to you)

4.  可見 每個治療者 聽到的是不同的聲音 不同的理論 不同的相信

5.  在此 精神分析 行為主義 人本心理學 似乎是三條大川

6.  各有殊勝 各有相信 各有所偏 各有所見

7.  我想影響的因素 除了治療者本身的氣質 機緣 悟性 之外 還有就是他面對的是誰

8.  意思是說 他的病人決定了他

9.  或準確的說 他的病人的生命現象和經驗 乃至精神病理的複雜  的光譜 決定了他

10.但這裡 與治療者本身未竟的情結 也會呼應

11.意思是說 我是怎麼樣的人 決定了我會見到怎麼樣的病人

12.或準確的說 怎麼樣的病人 會冥冥中 靠近我 因為他們知道我知道

13.有點像 他們說 不是Winnicott了解孩子 是孩子了解Winnicott

14.我相信 上述三個大川 行為主義是與其他兩者不合的

15.意思是說 精神分析 和人本心理學 是同源的

16.這個 匯通的讀法 可以體現在存在治療

17.回到 精神分析 要當心 它的尊貴性 傷害了它的真實性 特別是外在世界的真實

18.我這麼說 是因為我不是精神分析師

19.所以 我與精神分析的關係 比照Stephen Frosch與精神分析的關係 是矛盾的 (ambivalent)

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20.我珍惜這個矛盾

21.我希望這個矛盾  讓某種悠游的自由猶存

22.精神分析的殊勝 在它與理性的關係是矛盾的

23.我以前會說 意識越強 越發達 潛意識才會越強 越發達

24.意思是說 理性和非理性 的關係 是道高一尺 魔高一丈 魔高一丈 道高一丈半 的辯證

25.意思是說 精神分析誕生在十九世紀末 表示截至十九世紀末 工具理性已經讓人在睡夢中大叫 如果白天不好意思叫

26.佛洛依德的相信神經科學 說明了他有馴化這個非理性的心願

27.但他本身就是矛盾的 因為他聽到的敘事 隱含著人文學的種子 無法化約為神經迴路

28.意思是說 精神分析的屬性 跨在 科學的企圖 和人文世界的無法被科學化約 的兩難

29.然後百餘年來 這個世界 變化得越來越劇烈  

30.人的現象和經驗 也越來越劇烈

31.依此 精神分析 必須是歷史的

32.因為 歷史中的人 無法被現成的解釋

33.而且 通常 精神分析是注定遲到至少二三十年的

34.因為 他老是問童年 他以為童年決定了一切

35.而此刻的成年人 正在製造歷史

36.我希望 他不要遲到太久 甚至 不要遲到 就在歷史的現場

37.這個 不要遲到 就在現場 隱含著批判的心理治療的種子

38.依此 我目前歸宗的地方 在存在治療 和批判的心理治療

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Monday, February 1, 2021�智者說 你批判個什麼鳥？�

• Emancipatory 談何容易！�
• 徒有 杯水車薪的 無濟於事的 陌生人的善意�
• 所求不過公義 (Fair and decent, George Orwell)  (求 是要求 不是哀求)�
• 制度的 系統的 不公不義�
• 意識的喚醒 意識的覺察 
• 意識的覺悟 意識的決心
• 意識的勇氣 意識的慈悲
• 意識的喜捨 意識的不退轉
• 意識的從容 意識的就義�

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Thursday, December 10, 2020�批判的心理治療的代價�

• 代價與代駕同音不是沒有理由的�
• 批判必有所批判所以像唐吉柯德面對巨龍�
• 當然正常的治療者說那只是風車�
• 我的意思是說你要有本事把風車看成巨龍然後跟你的病人一起屠龍�
• 簡單講你必須選邊站 (take side) 你無法宣稱看戲中立�
• 放棄中立不忍中立的代價就是這也成為你的戰爭�
• 你要理解海明威奧威爾卡謬貝克特維根斯坦Max Bloch當年都做過類似的事�
• 這是為什麼我們祭拜他們的原因

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批判的心理治療 批判甚麼 ? (2020-12-4)

• day, December 4, 2020
• 1. medical model 包括分類診斷系統和生物精神醫學的思維
• 2. medical model 所預設的以自然科學的方式讀生命
• 3. 由 (1) 衍伸而來的汙名化標籤化
• 4. 由 (1) 衍伸而來的所謂弱勢族群
• 5. 擅長用精神病理讀生命遂把生命讀成不過是精神病理
• 6. 對治療文化 (therapy culture) 的反思
• 7. 對專業主義 (professionalism) 的反思
• 8. 釐清內外然後尊重他的決定
• 9. 還生命一個經驗 還經驗一個敘事 還敘事一個理解 還理解一個行動
• 10.治療者本身 一個界外球飛到黑 回也不改其樂

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釐清內外 尊重他的決定 (2020-9-12)

這是四十年後的結論

你說甚麼玩意講清楚一點

�

我點起紙菸

那個房間是僅存的文明孤島

沒有禁菸這回事

我說正常的作法是

治療者腦袋裡放了幾十個現成的解釋 

(更聰明的甚至可以串成一個箭頭來箭頭去的模型)

在病人的敘事的片斷裡找到對應

有點像分類整理的家務事

病人遂變成一個井井有條的旅館的房間

治療者則是清潔公司外包的小時工

按時計費收拾好就夠鐘收隊

你說幾十個怎麼夠人這麼複雜

我笑著說歸約的威力你有所不知

而且幾十個已經是治療者小小腦袋能夠處理的極限

組合來組合去已經夠他玩一輩子

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意思是說每個病人

都會領到一塊獨一無二的牌照

我點起第二支紙菸說

這個玩法我不信

我說我相信人是不容拆解的複雜的麻煩的存在

這個麻煩對人對己皆然

我相信人是愚蠢的自以為是的

愚蠢到頭能不能變得聰明一點天知道

我相信人裡裡外外都不過在討生活而已

自欺欺人是必要的尤其前者

釐清內外的功課很難做因為內外往往混在一起

正確的說法應該是釐清內外的傷口的比重

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有點像汽車牌照

字母和號碼的組合

這時你看著來到你面前的這個人

好像看到他的一生

他是怎麼從過去來到現在

他正在過怎麼樣無以為繼的日子

他正在夢想可以過怎麼樣不同的日子

然後你說幾句話

(表達你對他的核心經驗的難處的理解的話)

(這幾句話與時俱進而且可能要說很多遍)

(這幾句話有點像他是一部交響樂你讀出主題旋律和幽微的細節和一氣呵成的完整)

(因為你反覆地聽了很多遍)

然後你尊重他的決定

(當然那個決定有可能仍然是不完美的)

​

釐清是洞然於胸的意思

尊重是尊重生命尊重對方作為一個人的存在

內 外 決定 是屬於病人的三個關鍵詞

內外是互相浸潤的互為影響的

內即是外 外即是內

但重要的是你沒有忽略外

這個外是外在世界的客觀存在

承平歲月這個外你可能不覺得重要

但偏偏我們的世界是卡夫卡式的世界

以上說明我現在對心理治療的理解

這個理解包含了自體的心理學存有分析和批判的心理治療

​

60

釐清內外 尊重他的決定

61

對人有一種有歷史的質地的惻隱的理解 

62

新階級：對共產主義制度的分析 (米洛萬·吉拉斯, 1957)

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• 2019年4月17日瑞士銀行公布了一則令人震驚的消息……100位左右的中國人在瑞銀的存款竟然達到了7.8萬億元人民幣，數量之多令人咋舌。�https://kknews.cc/finance/lmk9aj2.html
• The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (Milovan Djilas, 1957)

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All revolutions in modern times, Camus points out, have led to a reinforcement of the power of the State.

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• The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt (Albert Camus, 1956)

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• Just as an earlier work of his (Le Mythe de Sisyphe) began with a meditation on living or not living—on the implications of the act of suicide—so this work begins with a meditation on enduring or not enduring—on the implications of the act of rebellion.

​

• If we decide to live, it must be because we have decided that our personal existence has some positive value; if we decide to rebel, it must be because we have decided that a human society has some positive value.

65

• Camus shows the real quality of his thought in his final pages. It would have been easy, on the facts marshaled in this book, to have retreated into despair or inaction. Camus substitutes the idea of “limits.”

​

• “We now know, at the end of this long inquiry into rebellion and nihilism, that rebellion with no other limits but historical expediency signifies unlimited slavery. To escape this fate, the revolutionary mind, if it wants to remain alive, must therefore return again to the sources of rebellion and draw its inspiration from the only system of thought which is faithful to its origins: thought that recognizes limits.”

66

• He quotes Tolain: “Les êtres humains ne s’émancipent qu’au sein des groupes naturels”—human beings emancipate themselves only on the basis of natural groups.

​

• “The commune against the State … deliberate freedom against rational tyranny, finally altruistic individualism against the colonization of the masses, are, then, the contradictions that express once again the endless opposition of moderation to excess which has animated the history of the Occident since the time of the ancient world.”

​

• This tradition of “mesure” belongs to the Mediterranean world, and has been destroyed by the excesses of German ideology and of Christian otherworldliness—by the denial of nature.

67

�

• Vagabond Witness: Victor Serge and the Politics of Hope, by Paul Gordon, Zero Books, 2013
• Lines of Flight: For Another World of Possibilities, by Felix Guattari, Andrew Goffey (Translator), Bloomsbury Academic, 2015

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