Which is the carbohydrate...a or b?
a.
b.
Which is the...carbohydrate a. or b?
a.
b.
Which is a carbohydrate...a or b?
a.
b.
Which is the lipid...a. or b?
A.
B.
Which is the lipid...a or b?
A.
B.
What molecule was not a carbohydrate or lipid in the examples?
Protein! What do proteins do?
-enzymes
-structure
-carriers and transport
-cell communication
-defense
-movement
-storage
Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions…usually speeding them up.
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes decrease the activation energy of chemical reactions.
Structures
-collagen
-keratin
Microscope View of�Skin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail
This is hair
Microscope View of�Skin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail
This is hair
Carriers and Transport Molecules
Hemoglobin Example
Aquaporins Example
Carriers and Transport Molecules that help move substances.
Hemoglobin Example
Aquaporins Example
Cell Communication
Hormones like insulin help cells communicate. Insulin is secreted from pancreas cells...what does it communicate?
Hormones are produced in glands and travel through the blood and lymph to be used elsewhere in the body.
Antibodies
-produced as part of the� immune response to� pathogens
Movement
actin and myosin�cause muscle �contraction
Protein Storage in plants like beans.
PROTEINS
PROTEINS
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
All of the following functional groups can be found in amino acids. Which are the functional groups that make the peptide bonds between amino acids?
http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg
20 Different R-Group Side Chains = 20 Amino Acids
9 essential amino acids your body cannot synthesize
The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up
Primary structure of proteins starts with dehydration synthesis of amino acids.
Primary structure is formed by a peptide bond which is a covalent bond that joins a carboxyl group with an amino group.
Primary Structure is a Long Chain of Amino Acids
The primary structure of proteins is broken down by hydrolysis
Secondary structure of proteins involves alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets.
Another View of Secondary Structure
Secondary structure is formed by hydrogen bonds between an oxygen on the carboxyl group and a hydrogen on the amino group.
Tertiary Structure involves more types of bonds and folding influence by R group interactions.
Another View of Tertiary Structure
Notice that tertiary structure is formed by R group interactions. Hydrophobic groups fold inward and hydrophilic groups fold outward. Sulfur groups create disulfide bonds.
Quaternary Structure
Notice that quaternary structure involves the combination of more that one tertiary chains.
Sickle Cell Anemia = 1 amino acid difference.
Sickle Cell Anemia = 1 amino acid difference.
Lorenzo’s Oil Enzyme