An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Personality
Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development
Psychoanalysis
A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously repots all thoughts,feelings, and mental images as they come to mind
Free association
In Freud’s theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness
Unconscious
In Freud’s theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction or instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle
Id
In Freud’s theory, the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id
Pleasure Principle
In Freud’s theory, the part of personality that mediates the demands of the id without going against the restraints of the superego
Ego
In Freud’s theory, one’s conscience; focuses on what the person “should” do.
Superego
Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
defense mechanisms
Repression
Shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
Displacement
Defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities
Sublimation
Allows an anxious person to retreat to a more comfortable, infantile stage of life
In Freud’s theory, age related developmental periods in which the child’s sexual urges are expressed through different areas of the body and those activities associated with those areas
Psychosexual stages
In Freud’s theory, a child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent
Oedipus complex
Psychosexual Stage that…
Psychosexual Stage where…
In this Psychosexual Stage…
In Jung’s theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.
collective unconscious
Archetype
The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development
Humanistic Psychology
In Roger’s theory these are the set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself
Self-concept
in Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you will behave in a way that is acceptable to others
Conditional positive regard
In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others
Unconditional Positive Regard
Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self- efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinations
Social Learning theory
A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way
trait
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences
Trait Theory
Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observation behavior
surface traits
The most fundamental dimension of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number
Source traits
A trait theory of personality that identifies five basic source traits as fundamental building blocks of personality
Five-Factor Model of Personality
Projective test
Austrian physician who broke up with Sigmund Freud and developed his own psychoanalytical theory of personality, which emphasized social factors and the motivation toward self-improvement and self-realization; key ideas include inferiority complex and superiority complex
Alfred Adler
Contemporary American psychologist who is best known for his research on observational learning and his social learning theory of personality
Albert Bandura
British-born American psychologist who developed a trait theory that identifies 16 essential source traits or personality factors; also developed the widely used self-report personality test, the sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Raymond Cattell
Hans Eysenek
Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, which is both a comprehensive theory of personality and a form of psychotherapy; emphasized the role of unconscious determinants of behavior and early childhood experiences in the developmental of personality and psychological problems; key ideas include id, ego, and superego; the psychosexual stages of development; and the ego defense mechanism
Sigmund Freud
German-born American psychoanalysist who emphasized the rule of social relationships and culture in personality; sharply disagreed with Freud’s theory characterization of female psychological development, especially his notion that women suffer penis envy; key ideas include basic anxiety
Karen Horney
Swiss psychiatrist who broke with Sigmund Freud to develop his own psychoanalytical theory of personality, which stressed striving toward psychological harmony; key ideas include the collective unconscious and archetype
Carl G. Jung
American psychologist who was on of the founders of humanistic psychology and emphasized the study of healthy personality development; developed a theory of motivation based on the idea that people will strive for self-actualization, the highest motive, only after more basic needs have been met
Abraham Maslow
Developed theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent
worth of people, the innate tendency to strive for one’s potential, and the importance of the self-concept on personality development
Carl Rogers