Early childhood 2

Part one

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

OBJECTIVES

The student will be able to :

• Describe the moral development , play and day care.
• List at least three guideline in selecting a preschool or day care center.
• Describe the characteristic play and appropriate toys .
• Identify the best teaching techniques for toddlers and use them correctly.
• Teach those techniques to parents and help them utilize the teaching techniques effectively.
• Identify the dangers surrounding the toddler and how to protect the toddlers from them.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

MORAL DEVELOPMENT

The moral task of early childhood: learning

a. self control and

b. learning to share with other . “Kohlberg”

• PRECONVENTIONAL
• punishment-obedience orientation
• personal reward orientation

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Level 1: Pre-conventional Level (birth – 7 years)

• Preschool look carefully at parents as models of moral behavior, and this is often acted out in their play.
• Preschoolers must organize and synthesize what they view at home, in community, and on TV.
• They constantly test limit either to confirm that a behavior is unacceptable or just to gain attention.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

A 2 year old: cannot differentiation between intentional acts and accidents and readily assigns blame

A child of 3: become ritualistic and aware of rules that he feels must be obeyed . And will feel guilty if scolded .

In this age they can understand the difference between intentional acts and accidents but still may extend blame to another .

By age 5: the child extend blame for the intentional act and easily to excuses the accident .

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

• Some parents complain that their preschool child lies.
• Preschoolers do not have the abstract reasoning to lie for the purpose of deceiving anyone .
• They tell the truth as they interpret it or wish it to be true.

Abstract reasoning: The ability

to analyze information and solve

problems on a complex, thought-

based.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

STEALING

Why preschool dose not feel the stealing is wrong ??

Because ownership is not completely understood.

Child will learn socially acceptable behavior through:

• Positive reinforcement
• Discipline

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

DISCIPLINE

It is basic purpose, for the guiding, teaching or correcting behavior, not punishment.

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The preschooler may hit the mother in anger yet expect to be loved, hugged, and comforted by their mother in his/her frustration.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

The purpose of discipline for toddler should be help

them develop self-control while maintaining a positive self-esteem.

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A time-out response to unacceptable behavior is effective between the age 1-6 years.

It places the child in safe place with time for self –regulation .

• Timing for time out is usually 1minute / year of age .

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

The child is removed from situation, placed in time out with just a very brief explanation and reminded of the cause at the end of time out, with consistent use, the child will learn to anticipate that response to certain behaviors and learn to control those behaviors.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Early childhood 2

Part two

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Corporal (physical) punishment (spanking)

• This approach focuses on the pain of the punishment, role models aggression, and rarely accomplishes the true goal of discipline.
• Young children may model the behavior of the parent and hit the parent.
• Children can also get used to the spanking, so that the parent has to hit harder and child abuse becomes a risk.

* Severe physical punishment may affect the psychological health of the child .

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Corporal punishment

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Such as ( spanking )

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Rewarding

• Rewarding good behavior is the positive and most effective technique of discipline.
• A hug, smile, praise, or material reward for good behavior is effective.
• Consistently in parent response is the key to successful discipline.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Parent must ignore the behavior of a child who whines, nags, or has a tantrum and give frequent rewarding, praise when the behavior is good.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

NURSING ROLE

When discussing with parent disciplinary techniques for children, the health-care worker should be nonjudgmental and should help parents develop a mutually acceptable plan that will be consistent and safe .

Support groups, parenting classes, and counseling should be available for referral as needed.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

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THE OPERANT THEORY ( Skinner ) OF EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE TECHNIQUES

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

SEXUALITY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

• Children in early childhood do have the capacity for sexual pleasure and response.

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• Parents have a impact on the molding of sexuality in their infant and children by their response to the Childs urinary and fecal elimination.

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• A negative response to a dirty diaper , the label of “stinky” to the soiled underpants of a toddler, or forced toilet training all influence the development of sexuality.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

• Treating the natural process of bodily functions as secret or as dirty promotes embarrassment or discomfort related to the genital area.

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• Modesty appears gradually between 5-6 years of age.

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• The acceptance or rejection of hugging and kissing as expression of emotion by parents can influence sexuality and the ability of a child to establish intimate relationships in later life.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

• Preschool day care centers typically don’t separate boys and girls, bathrooms and viewing the body is treated as normal and natural.

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• Abnormal sexual behavior that interferes with normal play activities may be an indication of sexual abuse, and the child should be referred for counseling.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Early childhood 2

Part three

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

PLAY

Toddler play is a reflection of the Childs experience.

They may play putting baby to bed or shopping in the store.

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The 2 year: old exhibits parallel play, in which he or she plays next to a friend but dose not interact with the friend.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

The 3-4 year: exhibits cooperative play, in which a group of children can cooperate by playing out a scene together or building blocks together.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

By age 5: there is organized group play with assigned roles, such as playing doctor or house with one child assigned the mother role, one the father role, and so on.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

• Play allows the child to imitate adult roles, play the aggressor, or assume superpowers and solve problems.
• The child drawing often reflect their inner emotional issues or conflict.
• Rules of play are absolute and fairness mean equal treatment regardless of circumstances, according to the preschool child.
• Group songs and music are enjoyed by both the toddler and the preschool child, who respond with unique dancing and random movements.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Age –appropriate toys are toys that are safe and promote the cognitive and motor development of the specific age group.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

DAY CARE

* The experience of spending time in day care or preschool is a big step toward developing independence

* The child must accept that the parent will leave and trust that the parent will return.

* There are several types of day care setting in the community that may be available to parent who work outside the home.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

• The parent may choose a private babysitter to come into their home and offer personal attention to their child.

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* Family day care center provide child care for small groups of children, and often parent take turns providing the child care in this type of setting.

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* Some employers offer day care within the workplace as a service to their employees.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Day care center offer structured activities for groups of children supervised by professional staff.

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* Preschool center offer structured activities that foster growth and development and teach coping skills.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

A good preschool program can help a child gain self-confidence and positive self-esteem.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

TEACHING TECHNIQUES

• The use of picture books at regular interactive reading sessions with the toddler also aids in language development.
• Parent should not demand correct speech of a 2 year old, and pronunciation should not be a focus.
• If speech difficulties are associated with other oral problems, such as inability to blow a kiss or eat , medical evaluation should be sought.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Key to positive social development

• Teaching the preschooler how to express feeling through words such as “you feel angry now and I understand” rather than acting out.

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• Preschool children learning to be autonomous and shift between dependence and independence, joy and rage , which can cause parents to feel frustrated and inadequate.

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• Parents need to be counseled concerning the normal development and behavior of the toddler and preschool child.

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• The parent can often model the behavior that they wish their child to imitate as brushing teeth, praying, drawing on papers.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Examples:

• Introduction of tooth-brushing can begin at age 2, and professional dental checkup can be initiated by age 3
• The behaviors of the child and responses of the parent should be discussed at well child visits.
• When a parent dose not offer any positive statements about his or her child and the child misbehaves in preschool and at home, more detailed assessment may be necessary.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, PhD.

Early childhood 2

Part four

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

SAFTY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION

• Accidents are a major threat during the early childhood years.

• Parents need to childproof the stair way.

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• Toys must be sturdy (متين), age appropriate, and with no sharp edges.

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• Preschoolers shouldn’t carry breakable or sharp objects.

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• Pot handles should not overhang to prevent accidental burns.

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• Medications must be kept out of reach for children.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

how to prevent hazards caused by the behavioral characteristics of toddlers�

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

AUTOMOBILE

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

BURNS (1)

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

BURNS (2)

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

FALLS (1)

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

FALLS (2)

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

SUFFOCATIN AND CHOKING (1)

• explores with senses, likes to bite on and taste things, eats on the run.
• don’t allow small children to play with deflated balloons.
• inspect toys for small or loose parts.
• remove small objects such as coins and buttons from reach.
• avoid popcorns, nuts, small hard candies, gum, or large chunks of meat.
• debone fish and chickens.
• learn heimlich’s maneuver.
• keep plastic bags away form children (mattress)
• avoid night clothes with drawstring necks.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

POISOING (1)

• ingenuity increases, can open most containers, increased mobility provides access to cupboards, medicine cabinets, interior of closets, looks at and touches everything, learns by trail and error, puts objects in mouth.
• store household detergents and cleaning supplies out of reach and in a closed cabinet.
• do not put chemicals or other potentially harmful substances into food or beverages containers.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

POISONING (2)

• keep poising control number of poison control center available.
• wash fruit and vegetables before eating.
• use dishes that don’t have high lead content.
• alert family of location and appearance of poisonous plants on or around property or commonly encountered when camping.
• use childproof locks on cabinets.
• explain poisonous child-resistant caps and packaging.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

POISONING (3)

• do not refer to pills as “candy”.
• flush old medicines down toilet.
• explain poison symbols to child.
• keep medicines in a locked cabinet.

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Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

DROWNING

• lacks depth perception, does not realize danger, loves water play
• watch child continuously while at beach or near a pool.
• empty wading pools when child has finished playing.
• cover wells securely.
• wear recommended life jackets in boats.
• begin teaching water safety and swimming skills early.
• lock fences surrounding swimming pools.
• supervise tub baths.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

ELECTRIC SHOCKS

• pokes and probes with fingers.
• cover electric outlets.
• cap unused sockets with safety plugs.
• teach child not to touch electrical appliances when wet.
• keep electrical appliances

away from tub, sink area and

most important of reach of

the child.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

ANIMAL BITES

• immature judgment.
• teach child to avoid stray animals.
• do not allow toddler to abuse household pets.
• supervise closely.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

SAFETY

• easily distracted, trusting of others, falls frequently.
• teach toddler stranger safety.
• do not personalize clothes.
• do not allow toddler to eat or suck lollipops while running or playing.
• keep sharp-edged objects out of reach.
• keep sharp-edged furniture out of play area.

Dr Sanaa Abujilban, RN, RM, Phd.

IMMUNIZATION

• All children must be immunized to protect them from devastating diseases as mumps, measles, rubella.

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• An active immunization starts at 2 months old, when the child is capable of producing his or her own antibodies.

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• When teaching a preschooler about health issues requires the child participation, interaction, or cooperation.

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• One possible approach is to allow the child to handle syringe(without needle) and give pretend injection to a doll.

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