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Notes for Teachers

Teachers notes are in read, students slides match up with teacher notes.
This is a 2-day discussion and calculation day with 1 week Food Diary preparation before hand.
The insulin calculations vary per person, if you have a diabetic student, and they would like to share show they calculate their insulin, allow them to give personal experience.

List of Materials

Food Diary Packet
Calculator
Used food wrappers with Nutritional Information
Student Slides
Carb Counting & Insulin Calculation Practice
Carb charts
Assessment

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Standards

Life Science:

Essential HS.L1U1.20 Ask questions and/or make predictions based on observations and evidence to demonstrate how cellular organization, structure, and function allow organisms to maintain homeostasis.

Plus HS+B.L1U1.6 Develop and use models to show how transport mechanisms function in cells.

Mathematical Practices:

MP.4 Model with mathematics.

MP.5 Use appropriate tools strategically.

MP.6 Attend to precision.

Standards

HS-LS1-7 From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.

1.1.2h - Endocrine

1.1.2i - Digestive

1.2.1 - Diabetes Mellitus

1.3.1 - Medical Mathematics

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Teacher Background Knowledge

Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin

Insulin Treatment

Role and Anatomy of the Pancreas

Insulin and Glucose and Cells

Insulin Delivery Devices

How diabetes destroys the Human Body

What does diabetes do to the body

What does sugar do to the body?

What happens when you quit sugar?

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Pre - Activity

Students will create a food diary for a few days or a week.
Students need to record what they eat and how much of each item (measured in cups).

(It would be beneficial to save the Nutritional Information for each food item of prepackaged food)

It would be best for students to create a diary for a week, but can be scaled depending on the class and student.

Food Diary Packet

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Objective(s):

To be able to answer the following:

What Diabetes melitus?
What is a carb?
What are complex carbs? What are simple carbs?
How does the body use carbs?
What is insulin? How does the body produce insulin? How does the body use insulin?

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Agenda (lesson time)

Food Diary - to be done at home for a week before activity
Discussion on Diabetes and reading Nutrition Information - 25 min

(videos extra 20 min)

Carb calculating practice - 15 min
Calculating personal food Diary - 30-45 min min

(Depending on the length of personal Food Diary)

Assessment - 10-15 min

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Intro/Driving Question/Opening

What is diabetes?

How do diabetics balance sugar levels and insulin levels?

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Class Discussion

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What is diabetes?

A disease that is characterized by the bodies inability to process sugars for cellular respiration.

There are multiple types, mainly Type 1 and Type 2.

Type 1, also known as Insulin Dependent Diabetes - when the body cannot produce insulin.
Type 2, is when the body cannot make enough insulin.
Type 1 is typically developed in childhood or developed due to injury
Type 2 is typically found in those with the risk factors of obesity and inactive lifestyle.
Insulin is produced by the pancreas.

Scenario:

A 42 year old person was in a motorcycle accident and ruptured their pancreas and had to have it removed, what have they just become?

A Type 1 diabetic

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People with diabetes need to monitor their blood sugar.

Normal blood sugar range is 60-100
People with Type 1 diabetes will be given an appropriate range for them by their doctor

People with Type 1 diabetes have to calculate how many carbohydrates they eat so that they can calculate how much insulin they need to give themselves.
Carbohydrates are turned into sugars mainly by the Duodenum of the small intestine. These carbs can then be used by cells or stored in skeletal muscle or liver.
Simple carbohydrates are used or storage quickly, while complex carbohydrates take longer for the body to break down and store.

Image obtained from:

https://diabetes.co.in/media/uploads/2020/05/simple-carbohydrates-and-complex-carbohydrates.jpg

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/schematic-representation-digestive-system-large-600nw-2314966687.jpg

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Images obtains from:

https://i.cbc.ca/1.6542154.1659670185!/fileImage/httpImage/omnipod-insulin-pump.jpg

https://www.umassmed.edu/globalassets/diabetes-center-of-excellence-dcoe/images/thumbnails/glucose-testing-blood-sugar-diabetes.jpg

https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/shutterstock_1772913710.jpeg

https://www.medtronic-diabetes.com/sites/prd/files/styles/video_preview_all_x1/public/shared/images/2021-05/group-18%403x.jpg?itok=S4zk0Dw6

https://i0.wp.com/diabetesvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/insulin-injection-800px.jpg?fit=800%2C600&ssl=1

https://beyondtype1.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/BT1-HEADER-GIVING-INSULIN-INJECTION.jpeg

Type 1 diabetics will give themselves insulin in multiple different ways

Insulin in a syringe
A preloaded pen
An insulin pump
Omnipod that is controlled wirelessly
Insulin is measured in “units”

There are multiple ways to monitor blood sugar

Finger prick
Phone monitoring

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What is a pancreas and what does it do?

The pancreas secretes digestive hormones that aid in digestion and blood hormones that allow for the storage of sugars and transportation of sugars into the cell.

Images obtained from: https://pathology.jhu.edu/build/assets/pancreas/_image600/pancreas-location-illustration.jpg

https://columbiasurgery.org/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/pancreas_anatomy_label.jpg?itok=zvyjdtov

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Video Links

The Endocrine System (9:24 min)

Cellular Respiration (8:47 min)

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How does sugar get into cells?

Insulin is a key that unlocks to door of the cell to let sugar in - insulin is a transport protein - it carries glucose through the cell membrane.

Without that key, sugar floats around in the blood.

Sugar is necrotic to tissues and can cause damage to tissues and eyes and prevent healing
It also increases the risk of infection

(remember bacteria loves sugar)

Image obtained from:

https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-1c1b1ab101b38dfe880cb469a87a232d

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How to read Nutritional Information

First look at the serving size (typical a whole package is not a serving)
Then look at the amount of servings in the package
Then look at the total Carbohydrate, if more than one serving was eaten, then the carbohydrate would then have to be multiplied by how much was eaten.

Example:

Using the label, if a package and a half (3 servings) were eaten, how many carbs would that be?

30g x 3 = 90 grams

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Look at these labels to determine carbs for one serving and then multiple servings.
Look at other labels you have.

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Not all food comes with a food label - here is a chart to calculate carbs when there is no food label.

Meat and Eggs are free

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Carb Counting & Insulin Calculation Practice

45 gr of carbs 4.5 units

45 gr of carbs 3.75 units

86 gr of carbs 8.6 units

If you were told by your doctor to use 1 unit of insulin for every 10 grams of carbs for breakfast and dinner and 1 unit for every 12 grams of carbs at lunch you eat, how much insulin would you need for every meal?

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Hands-on Activity Instructions

This can be done in pairs or individually
Students, using their food diary, calculate the amount of insulin needed for each meal based on the amount of carbs eaten.

Please Be Aware:

The amount of insulin a person needs is determined by working with their doctor. This is NOT the amount of insulin per carb that is needed by everyone.

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Carbs for the day = 314 grams

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Assessment

Using the chart provided, create a low carb meal that includes a dessert. Then calculate the amount of insulin needed if your doctor advises 9 units of insulin if under 70 grams of carbohydrates and 16 units if over 70 grams of carbohydrates.

(dessert eaten at a later time)

Assessment

120 gr of carbs 16 units

30 gr of carbs 9 units

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Differentiation

Use pre-written Food Diary
Only create a 3 day Food Diary
Calculate carbs together as a class

Remediation

Extension/Enrichment

Partner with someone that needs help
Complete their food diary and carb count by themselves.
If a student in the class has Type 1 Diabetes and would be willing to help, this is a great opportunity for them to explain what it is like to live with Diabetes, their daily routine, how exercise affects their sugar levels, how it feels when they have low blood sugar or high blood sugar, and the process of being diagnosed with Diabetes.

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