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Waste

Waste is an outcome of product or a substance that is no longer suited for its intended use.
Hazardous and non hazardous waste.
Non-hazardous waste is any waste that does not cause harm to people or the environment, and regulations for disposal of non-hazardous waste are less strict.
Non-Hazardous Waste - Threat to human health and the environment if it is not handled properly.
Industrial, biomedical waste, Electronic & electrical equipment are the examples
Highly required to be disposed off as per national laws.

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E - Waste

Any form of electrical and electronic material or body discarded after its usage or expiry.
E-Waste comprises of a broad and growing range of electronic devices, ranging from large household devices such as refrigerators, air conditioners, cell phones, personal stereos, and consumer electronics to computers, printers which have been discarded by their users.
With the presence of deadly chemicals and toxic substances in the electronic gadgets, disposal of E-Waste is becoming an environmental and health nightmare.
Globally only 15 – 20 percent of E-Waste is recycled while the rest is dumped into developing countries such as India, China and Nigeria.

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Sources of E-waste

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Categories of E-waste

Large equipment such as washing machines, clothes dryers, dish washing machines, electric stoves, large printing machines, copying equipment and photovoltaic panels.
Small equipment comprises of vacuum cleaners, microwaves, ventilation equipment, toasters, electric kettles and electric shavers.
Small IT and telecommunication equipment. For example, mobile phones, GPS, pocket calculators and routers etc.

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Constituents of E-Waste

36% 🡪 Ferrous metals ie) Iron and Steel
19% 🡪 Non-ferrous metals, like Cu, Al and precious metals like Ag, Au, Pt, Pd etc.,
23% 🡪 Plastic
15% 🡪 Glass
7% 🡪 Others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc)
Also contain toxic elements like americium-241, Pb, Hg, Ar, Cd, Se and Cr etc.,

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Constituents of E-Waste

Constituents of E-Waste in near 2010’s

Constituents of E-Waste in near 2020’s

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Effects of E-waste on the environment�and human health

S. No.	E-Waste component	Occurrence in electric appliances	Adverse health and environmental effects
1	Americium 241	Smoke detectors and some medical equipment	Carcinogenic leads to cancer and radiactive in nature
2	Pb	Lead-acid and Li batteries CRT monitor glass, solar, transistors, lasers, LEDs and circuit boards	Impaired cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, attention, hyperactivity and lower IQ. Neurotoxin that affects the kidneys and the reproductive system. • It leads to water and soil pollution.
3.	Hg	Found in fluorescent tubes, tilt switches, CCFLs backlights, Components in copper machines, batteries in clocks and pocket calculators, LCDs	It causes dermatitis, sensory impairment and muscle weakness. Affects the central nervous system (memory loss), kidneys and immune system. It impairs foetus growth and harms infants through mother’s milk. • Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, and slower growth and development

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S. No.	E-Waste component	Occurrence in electric appliances	Adverse health and environmental effects
4	Cd	NICAD batteries, light sensitive resistors, pigments, solder, alloys, circuit boards, computer batteries, monitor cathode ray tubes (CRTs)	carcinogen, Long-term exposure causes Itai-itai disease, which causes severe pain in the joints and spine. It affects the kidneys and softens bones Severe damage to the lungs and kidney. • Deficits in cognition, learning behaviour skills in children. • Pollute water and soil.
5	Cr(VI)	common element in electronics due to its ability to prevent corrosion and the increased conductivity of electrical impulse, Dyes/pigments, switches, solar.	Carcinogenic leads to cancer can damage liver and kidneys and cause bronchial maladies including asthmatic bronchitis Inhaling hexavalent chromium - lung cancer.
6	S	Found in lead-acid batteries	It causes health effects that include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. • Acidic nature is created in the environment due to the formation of sulphuric acid through sulphur dioxide.

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S. No.	E-Waste component	Occurrence in electric appliances	Adverse health and environmental effects
7	Brominated Flame Retardants	Flame retardants in plastics in most electronics (Casing, circuit boards (plastic), cables, PVC cables) (releases toxic emissions including Dioxins)	Impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, severe hormonal disorders, liver problems are some health effects due to prolonged exposure.
8	Perfluorooctanoic acid	Used as an antistatic additive in industrial applications. Found in electronics and in non-stick cookware (PTFE) appliances. Environmental degradation results in the formation of PFOA.	Immune toxicity, hormonal effects and carcinogenic effects have been found out from studies in mice. • It leads to increased maternal PFOA levels which are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and stillbirth.
9	Beryllium oxide	Filler used in materials such as thermal grease used on heat sinks for CPUs and power transistors, X-ray transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes and gas lasers.	Occupational exposures lead to lung Cancer, Chronic Beryllium Disease (beryllicosis), a disease which primarily affects the lungs. Exposure to beryllium also causes a form of skin disease that is characterized by poor wound healing and wart-like bumps

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S. No.	E-Waste component	Occurrence in electric appliances	Adverse health and environmental effects
10	Arsenic	Semiconductors, diodes, microwaves, LEDs (Lightemitting diodes), solar cells	Chronic exposure to arsenic can lead to various diseases of the skin and decrease nerve conduction velocity. Chronic exposure to arsenic can also cause lung cancer and can often be fatal
11	Barium	Electron tubes, filler for plastic and rubber, lubricant additives	Short-term exposure to barium could lead to brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver and spleen. Animal studies reveal increased blood pressure and changes in the heart from ingesting barium over a long period of time
12	Copper	Conducted in cables, copper ribbons, coils, circuitry, pigments	Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Liver Damage, Kidney Damage, Death

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Need for E-waste Disposal

E Waste has been identified as the fastest growing waste stream in the world : forecast to soon reach 40 million tons a year.
The volume of e-waste is rising about three times faster than any other forms of municipal waste.
Contains over 1000 different substances including toxic heavy metals and organics which can pose serious environmental pollution problem upon irresponsible disposal.
Includes deadly chemical and metal such as lead, cadmium, brominated flame retardants, phthalates etc.
Long term exposure to these substances damages the nervous system, kidney, bones, reproductive and endocrine systems. (Carcinogenic and neurotoxic)
Pollutes water, air and soil quality.
Can be overland mine for specific metals.
Many valuable substances are also found in e-waste along with hazardous substances can be used as a source material in different industries.

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This helps in the conservation of earth’s resources
By recycling e-waste, we can identify the non-hazardous materials that can be reused in many applications

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E-waste Management Rules

2016 - MoEFCC effectively implement E-waste management

practices in India.

2018 - the rules have been revised
The Salient features are
Includes Additional stakeholders

Covers Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and mercury lamp

Permits the producer - charge an additional amount as a deposit

Provides option for e-waste exchange.

Contd--

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E-waste Management Rules

Power - State government - to ensure safety, health and skill development of

the workers involved in the dismantling and recycling operations.

Given responsibility to the dealer- on behalf of the producer.

Manufacturer also responsible -seek authorization from SPCB.

Existing and upcoming industries -allot place for e-waste dismantling and

recycling process.

Ensure recognition and registration of workers involved in dismantling and

recycling and the safety and health of workers too.

State government submit the annual report to MoEFCC.

Transportation of e-waste carried out with the documents (3 copies) prepared

by the sender with complete detail on the e- waste.

Contd--

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Management of E-waste

Approximately 75% of used electrical and electronic items are simply stored as � scrap in houses, offices etc., due to the technological advancement and the short � lifespan of products.
Hence it is necessary to implement proper e-waste management techniques.

E-Waste Management

1. waste minimization technique

(generation of waste is reduced at all stages of Product manufacturing)

Inventory management
Production-process modification
Volume reduction
Recovery and reuse

2. sustainable product design

(waste generation is minimized while planning and designing a product)

Design product with lesser hazards
Use of renewable materials and energy
Conservation of non-renewable materials � with reusability

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Inventory management

management of raw material consumption during manufacturing process
reduce the use of hazardous material and excessive use of raw material

1. Establishing material purchase review and control procedures

review all the material needed for making product
prior to purchase all the raw materials are scrutinized

to find the presence of any hazardous substance

2. Inventory tracking system

strict monitoring has to be done to ensure that only the needed

quantity of a material is consumed.

II. Production-process Modification

modify the manufacturing process to reduce waste generation

1. raw material change

replace hazardous material with less or non-hazardous material

2. Process-equipment Modification

installing new or updated instruments for the efficient use of raw materials

to reduce waste generation

Contd--

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3. Improved Operating and Maintenance Procedures

follow the standard procedures for making products

periodical maintenance of equipments

organizing a training program to employees to explain the correct � operating and handling procedures, proper equipment use, � maintenance schedules and proper management of waste materials

III. Volume reduction

1. Segregation of waste

By this process, different types of metals in the e-waste can be

segregated and recovered based on its metal value in the sludge.

2. Concentration of waste:

It mainly helps to reduce the volume as well as the environmental

burden on disposal. It also increases the possibility of any material

to be recycled or reused.

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IV. Recovery and Reuse

valuable materials are recovered from waste and reused for making secondary

products this method reduces the raw material cost

recovery process may be done either from an onsite or offsite recovery facility

through inter-industry exchange

2. Sustainable Product Design

efforts should be made to design a product with less amount of hazardous material

maximum use of renewable materials and energy

manufacturers should ensure that the products made with non-renewable materials

are built for reuse, repair and recyclability.

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RECYCLING OF E-WASTE

Precious metals and minerals like copper, gold, lead etc., can be recycled from many electronic gadgets.

Recycling Process

Various steps are involved in this process such as

Collection of E-waste

It is collected from wherever is available as waste products.

Transportation and Storage

From it’s source which has transported to recycling plant.

Segregation

Based on its size and material is segregated.

Dismantling and sorting

Any reusable, hazardous, ferrous, non-ferrous, plastics, glasses etc., is available which can be separated by hand pickling, shredding, magnetic separator, density separation.,

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RECYCLING OF E-WASTE

Disposal methods

Incineration

The waste products are heated at higher temperature (900-1000 °C) then 50% initial volume reduction takes place.

Acid bath

E-waste products are soaked in concentrated H₂SO₄, HCl, HNO₃ solutions which dissolves the metals.

Landfills

It is most common method, e-waste are dumped on land surface.

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VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN RECYCLING OF E-WASTE

Collection

Transportation Storage

Dismantling and sorting

Reusable parts and hazardous materials

Size reduction (Grinding and shredding)

Vibrating screens

Magnetic separation

Ferrous metals

Eddy current separation

Non-ferrous metals (Cu and Al)

Density separation

Plastics

Residue (Shredder light fractions)

Disposal methods

Landfill

Acid bath

Incineration

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Global Scenario of E-Waste

The global growth in electrical and electronics equipment production and its consumption has increased day by day enormously due to technological boom.
The main reason is increasing market penetration of products, development of a replacement market and high product obsolescece rate.
As a impact, there is a constant decrease in the price and increase in the internet usage.
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the German Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development also substantially contributed to this year’s Global E-waste Monitor 2020.
A record 53.6 million metric tonnes (Mt) of electronic waste was generated worldwide in 2019, up 21 per cent in just five years, according to the UN’s Global E-waste Monitor 2020, released today.
The new report also predicts global e-waste - discarded products with a battery or plug - will reach 74 Mt by 2030, almost a doubling of e-waste in just 16 years.

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This makes e-waste the world’s fastest-growing domestic waste stream, fueled mainly by higher consumption rates of electric and electronic equipment, short life cycles, and few options for repair.
17.4 per cent of 2019’s e-waste was collected and recycled. This means that gold, silver, copper, platinum and other high-value recoverable materials.
According to the report, Asia generated the greatest volume of e-waste in 2019 — some 24.9 Mt, followed by the Americas (13.1 Mt) and Europe (12 Mt), while Africa and Oceania generated 2.9 Mt and 0.7 Mt respectively.
For perspective, last year’s e-waste weighed substantially more than all the adults in Europe, or as much as 350 cruise ships the size of the Queen Mary 2, enough to form a line 125 km long.
E-waste is a health and environmental hazard, containing toxic additives or hazardous substances such as mercury, which damages the human brain and / or coordination system.
Possession of e-waste might increase the economic value but it also poses serious threat to humanity and its existence.

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E - WASTE IN INDIA

Introduction

India (3.2 million tonnes) is third largest top e-waste generator in the world after China (10.1 million tonnes), and the USA (6.9 million tonnes). These countries together contributed 38% of total 53.6 million tonnes (Mt) of e-waste, generated worldwide in 2019.
Electronic Waste Management in India identified that computer equipment account for almost 70 % of e-waste, followed by telecommunication equipment phones (12 %), electrical equipment (8 %), and medical equipment (7 %) with remaining from household e-waste.

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Central Pollution Control board reported by India collected just 10 per cent of the electronic waste (e-waste) estimated to have been generated in the country 2018-19 and 3.5 per cent of that in the generated in 2017-18.
Seelampur in Delhi is the largest e-waste dismantling centre of India. Adults as well as children spend 8–10 hours daily extracting reusable components and precious metals like copper, gold and various functional parts from the devices.
With COVID-19 keeping people indoors, the usage is only getting higher and without proper intervention, it is likely to be over 100 million tonnes by 2050.

METAL REFINE SYSTEM

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State and City wise Electronics Waste generation in India

In India, among top ten cities, Mumbai ranks first in generating e-waste followed by Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.
The 65 cities generate more than 60% of the total generated e- waste, whereas, 10 states generate 70% of the total e-waste.

State wise Generation of E-Waste

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E-WASTE PILING UP

Mumbai at present tops the list

(1,000 kilograms, we will have 1 tonne)

Mumbai - 11, 017 tonnes

Delhi - 9,730 tonnes

Bangalore - 4,648 tonnes

Chennai - 4,132 tonnes

Kolkata - 4,025 tonnes

Ahmedabad - 3,287 tonnes

Hyderabad - 2,833 tonnes

Pune - 2,584 tonnes

Surat - 1,836 tonnes

City wise Generation of E-Waste

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Enforcement Agencies in India

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India is responsible in identification of hazardous wastes and provides permission to exporters and importers under the Environment (protection) Act, 1986.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. CPCB coordinates activities with the State Pollution Control Boards and ensures implementations of the conditions of imports. It also monitors the compliance of the conditions of authorization, import and export and conduct training courses for authorities dealing with management of hazardous wastes and to recommend standards for treatment, disposal of waste, leachate and specifications of materials and recommend procedures for characterization of hazardous wastes.

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Enforcement Agencies in India

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 to grant and renew authorization, to monitor the compliance of the various provisions and conditions of authorization, to forward the application for imports by importers and to review matters pertaining to identification and notification of disposal sites.
Directorate General of Foreign Trade constituted under the Foreign Trade (Development & regulation) Act 1992 to grant/ refuse license for hazardous wastes prohibited for imports under the Environment (protection) Act, 1986.

Port Authorities and Customs Authorities under the customs Act, 1962 verify the documents and inform the Ministry of Environment and Forests of any illegal traffic and analyze wastes permitted for imports and exports and also train officials on the provisions of the Hazardous Wastes Rules and in analysis of hazardous wastes.

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Case Studies

1.Guiyu in China

It is one the largest e-waste recycling site in the world. Approximately 10 million tons of e-waste are handled in each year.

2. Ghana in Africa

Mostly young people are aged 7 to 25 years old are working in this biggest plant.

3. West Delhi in India

Around 18.5 lakhs metric tons of e-waste are generated every year in India.

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Tokyo Olympic medals to be made from e-waste

78,985 Tonnes Of E Waste Used To Make Medals For Tokyo Olympics 2020��https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/sports/tokyo-olympics-medals-e-waste/

The ‘Tokyo Medal Project’ saw the participation of 1,741 cities, i.e. more than 90% of Japanese cities. As per the official figures, 78,985 tonnes of wastes were collected by the municipalities all across Japan. Out of the total collected wastes around 6.21 million were just used mobile phones.��

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