LIFE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF ALBERT EINSTEIN

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Submitted by

Rosemaria Antony

His parents were Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch.

Born in Ulm ,Germany in 1879.��His parents were Hermann Einstein and Pauline Koch.��He graduated as a mediocre student in 1900.

• ALBERT EINSTEIN

MIRACLE YEAR OF EINSTEIN

• Wrote 4 papers in 1905,and all of them are regarded as major achievements.
• The Photoelectric Effect.
• The Brownian Motion.
• The Theory of Relativity.
• E=MC2.

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THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

• Einstein’s quantum theory of light proposed that light is composed of small packets of energy called photons that have wave like properties.
• In this theory he also explained the emission of electrons from some metals they’re struck by lightening – this was called the Photoelectric Effect.
• Einstein hypothesized that the number of electrons released would not depend on the number of quanta,but the lights energy.
• Ek = hf − ϕ.
• He won Nobel prize of 1921 for his works in this field.

BROWNIAN MOTION

• Particles suspended in fluids moves randomly.This is called Brownian Motion.
• Einstein explained that the particles were being moved by their collision with the fast moving atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid.
• He examined the molecular action that supported the Atomic Theory.

EQUIVALENCE OF MASS AND ENERGY�

• States that anything having mass has an equivalent amount of energy and vice versa.
• E =MC2
• Einstein demonstrated the link between mass and energy that led to the nuclear energy today
• This formula was derived due to Einstein’s realisation of how closely energy and a mass of a body is connected.
• This relationship is responsible for the generation of energy in stars,atomic bombs, nuclear reactors.

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THEORY OF RELATIVITY

• The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915.
• Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of gravity.
• General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to the forces of nature.
• The theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20^th century.

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SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

• Special Theory of Relativity is based on two postulates.
1. The laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems.
2. The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers , regardless of the motion of the light source
• According to Einstein, space and time cannot be defined seperately from each other .
• Rather space and time are interconnected into a single continuum known as spacetime.
• Spacetime is a mathematical model that fuses three dimensional space and one dimension of time into a single 4-dimensional continuum.
• Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects.

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• Special theory of relativity has been experimentally verified through LENGTH CONTRACTION,TIME DILATION, RELATIVISTIC MASS.

GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

• General theory of relativity is based on two postulates.
• The laws of physics may be expressed in equations having the same form in all frames of reference, regardless of their states of motion
• There is no way for an observer in a closed laboratory to distinguish between the effects produced by a gravitational field and those produced by an acceleration of the laboratory.
• The second postulate is known as PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE.
• General theory of relativity also predicts the existence of gravitational waves.
• Based on general relativity, Einsten predicted that light from another star should be bent by the sun’s gravity.

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EINSTEIN REFRIGERATOR

• The Einstien refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts and requires only a heat source to operate. Einstein developed this by using ammonia, water and butane,and required no energy to work. Considering the energy demands of the world, companies may realise the importance of cooling and refrigeration without energy, and develop this concept further in the near future.

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EINSTEIN IMPORTANT RESEARCHES

• Special Theory of Relativity (1905)
• General Theory of Relativity (1916)
• Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926)
• The Evolution of Physics (1938)
• Among his non-scientific works,About zionism(1930)

NOBEL PRIZE

• Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics quantum theory of light.
• Generation and conversion of light with regard to a heuristic point of view, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 was published.

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AWARDS

• Named person of the century by Time Magazine in 1999.
• The Gallop Poll recorded Einstein as the fourth most admired person in 20^th century.
• Barnard Medal of Columbia University in 1920.
• Copley Medal of Royal Society in 1925.
• Max Planck Medal of German Physical Society in 1929.
• Gold Medal of Royal Astronomical Society in 1926.

DEATH

• Died on April 17, 1955.
• Suffered from internal bleeding.
• Before cremation,his brain was taken out by pathologist Thomas Stoltz Harvey to discover how Einstien was so smart in the future.

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THANK YOU