Unit | Title | Page | Slide |
11 | 26 | 2 | |
12 | 28 | 7 | |
13 | 30 | 12 | |
14 | 32 | 17 | |
15 | 34 | 22 | |
16 | 36 | 27 | |
17 | 38 | 31 | |
18 | 40 | 36 | |
19 | 42 | 40 | |
20 | 44 | 44 | |
| 46 | 49 |
Below are resources which can be accessed by clicking on them. | |
Google doc version | PDF version |
| |
| |
Workbook (lev1) | |
Workbook (lev2) | |
| |
Grammar Book 4
Part 2
Adjectives
(prefixes and suffixes)
Unit 11
Prefixes can be placed at the beginning of some adjectives to give them the opposite meaning.
Suffixes can be placed at the end of some nouns to turn them into adjectives.
Sailing is legal
Smuggling is illegal
There is danger in smuggling.
It is a dangerous occupation!
Practice
Write the opposite of each of these adjectives by adding a prefix (in or im).
a) expensive - inexpensive
b) patient - impatient
c) proper - improper
d) formal - informal
e) sane - insane
k) perfect - imperfect
l) definite - indefinite
m) pure - impure
n) complete - incomplete
o) practical - impractical
f) mortal - immortal
g) mature - immature
h) attentive - inattentive
i) secure - insecure
j) possible - impossible
Copy these adjectives and their meanings. Match each adjective to it meaning.
invisible | not perfect |
impassable | not complete |
imperfect | cannot be seen |
indistinct | cannot be moved |
incomplete | cannot be passed |
inedible | not pure |
immoveable | not clear |
impure | not good to eat |
Making sure
1. Write the noun from which each of these adjectives comes.
2. Now write the adjectives from Question 1 in three groups according to their suffixes.
3 Make adjectives from these nouns. Use the suffixes al, ous and able.
a) girlish → girl
b) athletic → athlete
c) sunny → sun
d) volcanic → volcano
e) childish → child
f) watery → water
g) energetic → energy
h) faulty → fault
i) gigantic → giant
j) foolish → fool
k) angry → anger
l) boyish → boy
a) music → musical
b) adventure → adventurous
c) comfort → comfortable
d) fashion → fashionable
e) fame → famous
f) accident → accidental
g) value → valuable
h) poison → poisonable
i) nature → natural
j) centre → central
k) danger → dangerous
l) misery → miserable
-ish |
girl, child, fool, boy |
-ic |
athlete, volcano, energy, giant |
-y |
sun, water, fault, anger |
4. Choose six of the adjectives you made in Question 3. Make up some sentences including each of the adjectives.
Practise your punctuation
1. Punctuate this passage correctly.
2. Now underline any adjectives with prefixes or adjectives formed from nouns by the addition of a suffix.
Jane and Shahdad, two British mountaineers, has decided to do something adventurous and energetic. They attempted an almost impossible challenge to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. “What a marvellous view!”exclaimed Jane as she looked down at the valley below its a pity. “The summit is so indistinct,” replied Shahdad looking up at the cloud covered peak. Later, they reached an obstacle. That was impossible to get past as they were moving along a narrow, windswept ledge. Jane turned and said “A huge boulder has made the ledge impassable. I’m afraid it’s too dangerous to go on. Well, we have to go down again,”
Grammar game
On a piece of paper, write one of the parts of speech below. Fold the word you wrote backwards so the next person can’t see it. Pass the paper on to the next person. On your new piece of paper write your new part of speech.
1. Pronoun: he, she, they (used in place of a proper name)
2. Verb: sat, said, ran (an action, write it in the past tense)
3. Adverb: nicely, slowly, quickly (describe the verb)
4. Preposition: at, on, near (tells the position)
5. the + Adjective: blue, old, smelly (describes the noun)
6. Noun: man, girl, book (is a thing)
Clauses
Unit 12
A clause is a group of words which can be used either as a whole sentence or as part of the sentence. A clause always contains a verb.
These are two single-clause sentences.
We can make a two-clause sentence by joining the two single-clause sentences with a conjunction. (Conjunctions are sometimes called connectives.)
The giant bent down.
He put his face close to Sophie’s.
The giant bent down and put his face close to Sophie’s
Practice
Practice
2. Copy these sentences. Underline the two clauses in each one.
3. In the sentences you have written:
a) write v above the verb in each clause b) circle the conjunction
Making sure
2. Choose a conjunction from the box and add a second clause to each of these main clauses.
1. The more important clause in a two-clause sentence is called the main clause. The main clause is often a sentence in itself. Underline the main clause in each sentence.
a) Sophie was friends with the giant although she was a little scared of him.
b) The night was dark so it was difficult to see.
c) I played with my friend after I had eaten my tea.
d) The frog was irritating because it croaked so much.
e) The kangaroo hopped away when the snake hissed at it.
a) The disobedient boy sat down before he had washed his hands.
b) The doctor examined the patient so he could investigate what happened to him.
c) The bird flew off because he saw a group of hunters.
d) The hedgehog walked across the lawn after the man had finished cutting the grass.
e) The children shivered in the cold wind when they went outside.
Practise your punctuation
2. Rewrite each sentence in a different way.
1. Punctuate these sentences correctly. Underline the main clause in each. (The main clause does not always come at the beginning of a sentence.)
The Odeon Theatre was full, because Gary Gold was so popular.
When Gary came on to the stage, the audience roared.
Gary sang his latest song, after a fan requested it.
Although the band played loudly, no one complained.
Gary signed autographs, after the show had finished.
a) Because Gary Gold was so popular, the Odeon Theatre was full.
b) The audience roared, when Gary came on to the stage.
c) After a fan requested it, Gary sang his latest song.
d) No one complained, although the band played loudly.
e) After the show had finished, Gary signed autographs.
a) the odeon theatre was full because gary gold was so popular
b) when gary came on to the stage the audience roared
c) gary sang his latest song after a fan requested it
d) although the band played loudly no one complained
e) gary signed autographs after the show had finished
Complex Sentences
Unit
13
Every sentence contains at least one main (most important) clause.
A complex sentence contains one or more subordinate (less important) clauses.
This is the main clause. It can be used on its own as a sentence.
This is the subordinate clause. It does not make sense on its own.
The king was angry when he saw the muddy footprints.
Practice
Main clauses | | Subordinate clauses |
Everyone started talking | although I watered them regularly. | |
Clouds form | where I saw the Pope. | |
The flowers did not grow | as soon as the teacher left the room. | |
The rabbit escaped | unless they are with their parents. | |
Children are not admitted | when water vapour in the air cools. | |
I visited Rome | because the hutch door was left open. |
Practice
Making sure
a) I found the key which opens the box.
b) Emma wrote to her uncle, who had sent her a present.
c) Amir is the boy who won first prize.
d) The police officer caught the thief, who had run away.
e) I found the missing bag, which had been lost.
a) The girl, who had stolen the money, was punished by her mother.
b) The old boat, which had a hole in it, sank in the lake.
c) Emma, who had hurt her toe, was limping badly.
d) The bird, which was singing loudly, was a lark.
e) The thin dog, which was starving, gobbled up all the food.
1. Sometimes a subordinate is introduced by the pronoun who (when referring to a person) or the pronoun which (when referring to an animal or a thing). Copy and complete these sentences using either who or which. Underline the main clause and circle the subordinate clause in each sentence.
2. Choose the most suitable subordinate clause to complete each sentence.
which had a hole in it
which was starving
who had stolen the money
which was singing loudly
who had hurt her toe
Practise your punctuation
a) p c sharp arrested the man, who had robbed the bank, in runcorn road
b) sharon bought a magazine which was full of pictures of her favourite band
c) robin hood who was an outlaw live in sherwood forest
d) the man who invented television was called john logie baird
e) mr cusack praised jamie who had tried very hard at english
a) P.C. Sharp arrested the man, who had robbed the bank, in Runcorn Road.
b) Sharon bought a magazine, which was full of pictures, of her favourite band.
c) Robin Hood, who was an outlaw, lived in Sherwood Forest.
d) The man, who invented television, was called John Logie Baird.
e) Mr Cusack praised Jamie, who had tried very hard, at English.
Brackets and Hyphens
Unit 14
Brackets are punctuation marks which enclose information to show that it is separate from everything around it.
A hyphen is used when we join two words to make a compound adjective.
The cars (shown above) looked like monsters with glowing eyes.
The monster-like creature had long hair and glowing eyes
These are brackets.
This is a hyphen.
Practise
1. Rewrite these sentences without brackets. Make each sentence into two sentences.
a) The puppies (rolling around the floor as usual) were playing when Mr Smith came in.
b) Brackets (often used in a similar way to a pair of commas) are useful punctuation marks.
c) Tower Bridge (which opens up to let ships pass along the river) is quite an old bridge.
d) Police officers (sometimes called “bobbies” or “peelers”) get their nicknames from Sir Robert Peel.
e) The shoes (made from the best leather) were very expensive.
a) The puppies were playing when Mr Smith came in. They were rolling around the floor as usual.
b) Brackets are useful punctuation marks. They are often used in a similar way to a pair of commas.
c) Tower Bridge is quite an old bridge. It opens up to let ships pass along the river.
d) Police officers get their nicknames from Sir Robert Peel. They are sometimes called “bobbies” or “peelers”.
e) The shoes were very expensive. It’s made from the best leather.
Practise
2. Copy these sentences, putting in the missing brackets.
a) The picture (shown on page 7) is of an aeroplane landing.
b) Commas (like brackets) are often used in pairs.
c) You will find ants (practically everywhere except on the summits) of very high mountains.
d) When the liquid evaporates (changes into a gas) it draws off heat.
e) If you eat a balanced diet (you will get all the vitamins) you need with the possible exception of Vitamin D.
a) The picture shown on page 7 is of an aeroplane landing.
b) Commas like brackets are often used in pairs.
c) You will find ants practically everywhere except on the summits of very high mountains.
d) When the liquid evaporates changes into a gas it draws off heat.
e) If you eat a balanced diet you will get all the vitamins you need with the possible exception of Vitamin D.
Making sure
a) The man shaved off his beard and became clean-shaven.
b) The dog is house-trained. It never makes a mess.
c) What is the difference between a man eating mammoth and a man-eating mammoth?
d) My football-mad brother supports Liverpool.
e) The sweet-tasting orange
a) Someone who is mean is tight-fisted.
b) Someone who steals is light-fingered.
c) Someone showing surprise may be wide-eyed.
d) Someone who is nervous may be tongue-tied.
e) Someone who loves dogs is animal-loving.
light tongue tight animal wide
Practise your punctuation
1. ben sam’s floppy eared dog was barking
2. the monster with the flashing blue green eyes ate anything it could find
3. do you know the way to norwich asked the stranger as he parked his car a blue hatchback
4. dont touch the button shouted the worried looking mother it might be dangerous
5. much of london including the original st pauls cathedral was destroyed in the great fire which happened in 1666
Punctuate these sentences
1. Ben (Sam’s floppy-eared dog) was barking.
2. The monster (with the flashing blue-green eyes) ate anything it could find.
3. “Do you know the way to Norwich?” asked the stranger as he parked his car (a blue hatchback).
4. “Don’t touch that button!” shouted the worried-looking mother, “It might be dangerous.”
5. Much of London (including the original St Paul’s Cathedral) was destroyed in the great fire which happened in 1666.
Paragraphs
A paragraph is a group of sentences that deals with one main idea or topic. A long piece of writing is easier to read if it is divided into paragraphs.
We open a new paragraph by beginning the first line a little way in from the margin. (This is called indenting.)
Unit 15
In ancient times, people bathed in water for two reasons: for cleanliness or for religious observance. The Romans liked to take warm baths to keep themselves clean. On the other hand, the Ancient Egyptians bathed chiefly for religious reasons.
Practice
These four paragraphs are jumbled up. Write them in the correct order
In ancient times, the Greeks bathed in tubs made of polished stone. We know this because remains of such have been found. Homer, a Greek poet, describes a beautiful silver tub in one of his poems.
By the Middle Ages, attitudes had changed. People rarely bathed at all. There were few private baths in homes. Many people used perfumes and cosmetics as a substitute for bathing to cover up any unpleasant smells.
Remains of the oldest known baths have been discovered on Crete. They are thought to be 4000 years old. There are footbaths and a very modern-looking tub.
It was not until Victorian times that bathrooms began to evolve as separate rooms in houses. The tub, made of wood, copper or iron, often had a cover over it to make it look like a sofa.
1
3
2
4
Making sure
Some animals are natural swimmers like polar bears, but some humans are not like them. If they want to become like them, they had to learn and then so many people will be watched and imitated animals.
You had noticed how dogs swam into the sea. It can be imitated “dog paddle” when there are swimming. They can do developed breaststroke and it makes co-ordinates arm and leg movements better.
The next development is to do the sidestroke. They used scissor-kick for that. They do developed overarm stroke to accompany it to make it a greater speed than breaststroke or dog paddle.
In 1902, Richard Cavill has introduced crawl from Australia. It was first called Australian crawl, because it has a fastest stroke and it is now most popular stroke.
Paragraph 1 Animals - natural swimmers - humans are not - had to learn - watched and imitated animals
Paragraph 2 Noticed how dogs swam - imitated “dog puddle” - developed breaststroke - co-ordinates arm and leg movements better
Paragraph 3 Next development - sidestroke - used scissor-kick - developed overarm stroke to accompany it - greater speed than breaststroke or dog puddle
Paragraph 4 1902 - Richard Cavill - introduced crawl from Australia first called Australian crawl - fastest stroke - now most popular stroke
Making sure
2. Imagine that you are a famous explorer. You want to reach the Temple of Tears, but first you have to pass through some dangerous country. Write a separate paragraph about each section of your journey.
There are 25 miles of thick jungle of thick jungle to be cut through. Inhabiting the jungle are a variety of dangerous animals, as well as many poisonous insects.
After this, you have to get across the wide, fast-flowing, muddy river. There is no bridge but there are many hungry crocodiles.
The Temple is at the top of the mountain, which has steep, rocky sides, requiring ropes to climb them. Another problem is the danger of frequent landslides.
Once you get to the Temple you still have to find a way in. Its walls are high and smooth, and its doors are heavy and impossible to open. There are no windows, but there is a talk of invisible guardians who keep its secret.
Practise your punctuation
Punctuate this passage correctly. Divide it into three separate paragraphs.
Moles are found mainly in Europe. They spend most of their time underground, digging complicated systems of tunnels and chambers the soil. They dig up appears on the surface as molehills.
The appearance of moles is distinctive. Moles’ fur is soft like black velvet. Their front paws, large and powerful, are specially designed for digging. Their small eyes are nearly hidden by their fur.
In fact, moles are virtually blind. Moles have an enormous appetite and seem to be constantly hungry. The moles’ diet consists chiefly of earthworms. A mole will eat up to its own weight of earthworms in a day. They also eat larvae but will eat almost any animal matter.
moles are found mainly in europe they spend most of their time underground digging complicated systems of tunnels and chambers the soil they dig up appears on the surface as molehills the appearance of moles is distinctive moles fur is soft like black velvet their front paws large and powerful are specially designed for digging their small eyes are nearly hidden by their fur in fact moles are virtually blind moles have an enormous appetite and seem to be constantly hungry the moles diet consists chiefly of earthworms a mole will eat up to its own weight of earthworms in a day they also eat larvae but will eat almost any animal matter
Apostrophes
There are two occasions when you should use an apostrophe:
I’m is short for I am.
The apostrophe shows that a letter is missing.
This means the bike belonging to the boy. When there is just one owner, we usually add ’s to the noun.
This means the skateboards belonging to the girls. When there is more than one owner, wee add ‘ to the noun if it ends in s.
This means the skates belonging to the children. We add ’s if there is no s at the end of the plural noun.
Unit 16
(contractions &
possessive nouns)
I’m going for a bike ride.
the boy’s bike
the girls’ skateboards
the children’s skates
Practice
1. Write each of these contractions in full.
2. Rewrite each of these sentences, using the shortened form of underlined words.
a) I’m →
b) I’ve →
c) she’s →
d) you’re →
e) it’s →
f) haven’t →
g) couldn’t →
h) wasn’t →
i) aren’t →
j) who’s →
k) we’re →
l) let’s →
m) they’ve →
n) she’ll →
o) we’d →
a) I hadn’t seen the film before.
b) He didn’t want it.
c) That’s a good book.
d) We’ll help.
e) You’ll be sorry.
f) Don’t go.
g) It’s a good idea.
h) You shouldn’t come.
i) They’re late.
j) It wouldn’t matter.
k) We’ve got two.
l) You needn’t go in.
a) I had not seen the film before.
b) He did not want it.
c) That is a good book.
d) We will help.
e) You will be sorry.
f) Do not go.
g) It is a good idea.
h) You should not come.
i) They are late.
j) It would not matter.
k) We have got two.
l) You need not go in.
a) I’m → I am
b) I’ve → I have
c) she’s → she is
d) you’re → you are
e) it’s → it is
f) haven’t → have not
g) couldn’t → could not
h) wasn’t → was not
i) aren’t → are not
j) who’s → who is
k) we’re → we are
l) let’s → let is
m) they’ve → they have
n) she’ll → she will
o) we’d → we had
Making sure
1 a) the hat of the clown → the clown’s hat
b) the antlers of the biggest deer → the biggest deer’s antlers
c) the watch of the nurse → the nurse’s watch
d) the shell of the tortoise → the tortoise’s shell
e) the tail of the tiger → the tiger’s tail
f) the claws of the cat → the cat’s claws
g) the bike of my friend → my friend’s bike
2 a) the whiskers of the cats → the cats’ whiskers
b) the eggs of the birds → the birds’ eggs
c) the den of the wolves → the wolves’ den
d) the tools of the workmen → the workmen’s tools
e) the wool of the sheep → the sheep’s wool
f) the club of the children → the children’s club
g) the paws of the dogs → the dogs’ paws
h) the manes of the lions → the lions’ manes
i) the uniforms of the men → the men’s uniforms
1. Write the possessive form of each of these singular nouns.
2. Now write the possessive form of each of these plural nouns.
3. Copy these sentences. Complete each one with the possessive form of the nouns in brackets.
3 a) The motorist’s leg was broken in the crash.
(motorist)
b) The department store stocks lots of babies’ clothes.
(babies)
c) Our country’s athletes always do well.
(country)
d) The horses’ manes were well groomed.
(horses)
e) The teachers’ meeting took place after school.
(teachers)
f) We could not see the ship’s flag.
(ship)
Practise your punctuation
Punctuate these sentences correctly.
Shanaz and Ali, who were playing in the park, pulled a thorn out of the dog’s paw.
Charles Dickens, a famous author, wrote a book called “Oliver Twist”, in which Oliver became one of Fagin’s thieves.
Dawn’s early light cept into the cave’s entrance allowing the explorers to see the paintings on the wall.
My father’s job selling shoes takes him all over the ground.
“I’m going to take a photograph of the dinosaurs’ skeletons” said the professor.
Standard English
Standard English is the kind of the language we use in writing. It is used in education, government and business, and in most books.
Non-standard English is often used in everyday speech. We may say things differently from the way in which we would write them.
Non-standard English may differ from Standard English in two ways:
In Standard English we would write this as: Go away, you children.
Unit 17
Practice
Write these sentences using Standard English vocabulary.
Did you see that man with purple hair?
The old woman has got a lot of cats.
Be quiet and stop talking nonsense!
She is always eating too much.
Shall we not go to school today?
I spent five pounds for the chocolates.
That is really nice.
Tell me where you put the stolen goods.
I think Chelsea are excellent!
Please, may I have sausages and mashed potatoes for dinner?
Making sure
These sentences are grammatically incorrect. Write them again in Standard English.
Darren and I watched television.
Who has got my pen?
They are coming soon.
He does not know anything.
I have not got any.
We were just looking.
I do not want any trouble.
What do you want?
I am going to get you.
I drew that picture.
Practise your punctuation
carlo opened the door looking very grubby and dirty mrs roberts her mum looked at him open mouthed just look at the state youre in what you been up to well me and Ruth was climbing the wall when i fell off of it replied carlo i ran home quickly to tell you mrs roberts looked at carlo you think im gonna believe that go and wash and get changed she ordered its not fair carlo muttered i aint done nothing wrong youre always picking on me
Carlo opened the door, looking very grubby and dirty. Mrs Roberts, her mum, looked at him, open mouthed “Just look at the state you’re in. What you been up to?”. “Well, me and Ruth was climbing the wall, when I fell off of it.” replied Carlo. “I ran home quickly to tell you.”. Mrs Roberts looked at Carlo, “You think I’m gonna believe that? Go and wash and get changed.” she ordered. “It’s not fair!” Carlo muttered, “I ain’t done nothing wrong. You’re always picking on me.”
Practise your punctuation
Carlo opened the door, looking very grubby and dirty. Mrs Roberts, her mum, looked at him, open mouthed “Just look at the state you’re in. What you been up to?”. “Well, me and Ruth was climbing the wall, when I fell off of it.” replied Carlo. “I ran home quickly to tell you.”. Mrs Roberts looked at Carlo, “You think I’m gonna believe that? Go and wash and get changed.” she ordered. “It’s not fair!” Carlo muttered, “I ain’t done nothing wrong. You’re always picking on me.”
Carlo opened the door, looking very dirty. Mrs Roberts, her mum, looked at him, aghast “Your appearance is disheveled. What have you been up to?”. “Ruth and I were climbing the wall, when I fell from it.” replied Carlo. “I ran home quickly to tell you.”. Mrs Roberts looked at Carlo, “Do you think I am going to believe that? Go and wash and get changed.” she ordered. “It is not fair!” Carlo muttered, “I did nothing wrong. You are always picking on me.”
Sentences
Two common grammatical mistakes are:
Unit 18
(double negatives; subject and verb agreement)
A negative is a word, or part of a word, that means no.
If the subject of the sentence is plural, the verb must also be plural.
The boy did not have no bow.
The boy did not have a bow.
The arrows was in the quiver.
The arrows were in a quiver.
should be
should be
X
Practice
Underline the negative words in each of these incorrectly written sentences. Rewrite each sentence correctly.
no | not | nothing | never | nowhere | n’t |
There’s no point in going out because it’s raining.
The referee said that he didn’t want any trouble.
The burglar claimed that he was nowhere near the house when it was burgled.
I don’t belong to any swimming club.
The crocodile hasn’t got any whiskers.
The toy robot didn’t do anything when I wound it up.
The witness said that she saw nobody.
Ranjit would never try anything new.
We haven’t got any bananas.
I never went anywhere yesterday.
Making sure
Complete these sentences, using the correct form of the verb in bracket.
each | every | one | someone | somebody | anyone | anybody | everyone | everybody | nobody | no one | none |
These words always take a singular form.
Practise your punctuation
Write this passage correctly, putting in the punctuation marks.
Robert, who was smiling like a cat with the cheese, opened the door and shouted “Mum! Guess what? I did really well in the test at school today.”.
“That’s nice!” his mum replied “What was in the test you did?”.
“It was a spelling test. Three of us, who did well, were allowed to go out and play early.”
“It’s a pity I haven’t got sweets or else I would give you some for trying so hard.” his Mum said.
“My friend Jamie didn’t get any right.” Robert said as he made himself a jam sandwich.
robert who was smiling like a cat with the cheese opened the door and shouted mum guess what i done really well in the test at school today thats nice his mum replied what was in the test you did it was a spelling test three of us which done well were allowed to go out and play early its a pity I havent got sweets or else i would give you some for trying so hard his mum said my friend jamie didnt get none right robert said as he made himself a jam sandwich
Nouns (gender)
This a masculine (male) noun.
This a feminine (female) noun.
This is a common noun. It could refer to a male or a female.
This is a neuter noun. Neuter means without gender.
Unit 19
Nouns may be classified according to their gender. A noun may be masculine, femine, common or neuter.
boy
girl
teacher
desk
Practice
a) My father was talking to my uncle.
b) The bridegroom smiled at the man who was taking the photographs.
c) The king was not pleased with his son, the prince.
d) The eldest brother was going to be the king.
1. Match the masculine nouns to the feminine nouns. Write them in pairs.
boy →
father →
uncle →
son →
nephew →
king →
prince →
bridegroom →
man →
husband →
brother →
My mother was talking to my aunt.
The bride smiled at the woman who was taking the photographs.
The queen was not pleased with her daughter, the princess.
The eldest sister was going to be the queen.
Masculine nouns
boy father uncle son nephew king prince bridegroom man husband brother
Feminine nouns
aunt queen girl wife daughter mother woman niece princess bride sister
boy → girl
father → mother
uncle → aunt
son → daughter
nephew → niece
king → queen
prince → princess
bridegroom → bride
man → woman
husband → wife
brother → sister
2. Rewrite these sentences. Change all the masculine nouns into feminine nouns.
Making sure
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Neuter |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
a) The son of a queen prince m
b) A woman who is getting married bride f
c) A child whose parents have died orphan c
d) A bat used in tennis racket n
e) Someone who writes books author c
f) A person being treated by the doctor patient c
g) Your uncle’s son cousin c
h) A person who looks after your teeth dentist c
Nun pupil tap secretary doctor monk friend hotel policewoman grandmother wizard stepmother bachelor earl cousin rocket
monk
wizard
bachelor
earl
nun
policewoman
grandmother
stepmother
pupil
secretary
doctor
friend
cousin
tap
hotel
rocket
Practise your punctuation
2. Now underline all the nouns in the sentences you have written. Write m above each masculine noun, f above each feminine noun, c above each common noun and n above each neuter noun.
a) hissing angrily the snake slithered towards the child
b) the duke and duchess of windsor attended the theatre to see a play by william shakespeare
c) what sort of soup is this the old man asked the restaurateur its tomato soup, sir she replied
d) the tongue-tied boy who was blushing nervously, plucked up courage to ask the girl for a dance
e) the doctor examined the patient and said i think it’s a bad cold you should be better in a few days
Hissing angrily, the snake(n) slithered towards the child(c).
The duke(m) and duchess(f) of Windsor attended the theatre(n) to see a play(n) by William Shakespeare(m).
“What sort of soup(n) is this?” the old man(m) asked the restaurateur(c). “It’s tomato soup(n), sir.” she replied.
The tongue-tied boy(m), who was blushing nervously, plucked up courage(n) to ask the girl(f) for a dance(n).
The doctor(c) examined the patient(c) and said “I think it’s a bad cold(n). You should be better in a few days.”
1. Punctuate these sentences correctly.
Shortening and Extending Sentences
We can shorten this sentence by changing the nouns into pronouns.
We can extend the sentence by adding some adjectives.
We can extend this sentence by adding an adverb.
Unit 20
The camels crossed the desert.
They crossed it.
The tired, dusty camels crossed the hot, sandy desert.
The tired, dusty camels slowly crossed the hot, sandy desert.
Practice
a) The fierce dog angrily chased the frightened boy.
b) The suntanned girl really enjoyed swimming.
c) The chattering monkeys noisily climbed the dangling creepers.
d) My best friend and I ran quickly to the shop.
e) The handsome, dashing prince swiftly mounted his prancing white stallion.
f) The glamorous female tennis star eagerly telephoned her new boyfriend.
1. Shorten these sentences. First, take out all the adjectives and adverbs. Then change the nouns into pronouns.
a) The dog chased the boy. It chased him.
b) The girl enjoyed swimming. She enjoyed it.
c) The monkeys climbed the creepers. They climbed it.
d) My friend and I ran to the shop. We ran to it.
e) The prince mounted his stallion. He mounted it.
f) The tennis star telephoned her boyfriend. She telephoned him.
Practice
a) The elephant lumbered through the jungle.
b) The man ordered a pizza.
c) A princess sang a song.
d) The film was showing at the cinema.
e) The car spun off the road.
f) The girl read a book.
a) The big, grey elephant lumbered slowly through the hot, steamy jungle.
b) The busy man ordered a hot, steaming pizza.
c) A beautiful princess sang a nice, quiet song.
d) The long-running film was showing at the busy, crowded cinema.
e) The speedy, red spun off the busy road.
f) The young girl read a big book.
2. Extend these sentences. Add some adjectives to the nouns. Add an adverb to the verb in each sentence.
Making sure
a) The tired, dusty camels crossed the hot, sandy dessert..
a) The tired, dusty camels crossed the hot, sandy desert.
b) The hot air balloon floated over the countryside.
c) The spectators threw rotten tomatoes at the actors.
d) The sun umbrella blew into the sea.
e) The giant strode towards the castle.
f) The owl went out hunting.
1. We can extend a sentence by adding a phrase or a clause. (look back at Units 5 and 12 to check that you know what phrases and clauses are.) Extend each of these sentences with a phrase from the box.
2. Extend each of these sentences by adding a clause.
Early in the morning, the tired, dusty camels crossed the hot, sandy, desert.
The hot air balloon, an enormous, gas-filled monstrosity, floated over the countryside.
The spectators threw very soft and squashy rotten tomatoes at the actors.
The sun umbrella with red and white stripes blew into the sea.
The giant, a great tower of a man, strode towards the castle.
During the night, the owl went out hunting.
a) The tired, dusty camels crossed the hot, sandy desert and rested at a cool oasis.
b) The bright sun beat down mercilessly on the desert as the thirsty people are looking for clean, spring water.
c) The panda quietly chewed the bamboo shoot and suddenly swallowed it along with the dark, green leaves.
d) The mountaineer tried to climb down the steep cliff but he tripped over a big, hard rock.
e) The team was really fed up because the nasty, opposite team were cheating in this game.
f) We will never be able to reach the cabin unless we make it nice and clean.
During the night
with red and white stripes
an enormous, gas-filled monstrosity very soft and squashy
a great tower of a man
Early in the morning
Practise your punctuation
Punctuate this passage correctly.
The strong, easterly wind made the sails of the pirate ship billow the ship. An old merchant, Galleon, captured long ago, was sailing to the Caribbean. “Look lively,” snarled Carbuncle Cutlass, the captain “or you’ll feel the lick of my whip on your backs.” The crew, a ferocious band of cutthroats, struggled and sweated as they climbed the rigging, cursing the captain silently under their breaths. “Land ahoy!” came the cry of the crows’ nest. Everyone strained their eyes against the sun to see the faint outline of the mysterious island ahead.
the strong easterly wind made the sails of the pirate ship billow the ship an old merchant galleon captured long ago was sailing to the caribbean look lively snarled carbuncle cutlass the captain or youll feel the lick of my whip on your backs the crew a ferocious band of cutthroats struggled and sweated as they climbed the rigging cursing the captain silently under their breaths land ahoy came the cry of the crows nest everyone strained their eyes against the sun to see the faint outline of the mysterious island ahead
Progress Test B
a) The dog chased the postman because it thought he was a burglar.
b) The greedy girl ate all the sweets before the others got me.
c) After I had eaten my meal, I brushed my teeth.
d) I opened the door when the bell rang.
e) The old lady was still cold although the sun was shining.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a) impatient b) invisible c) inexpensive d) imperfect e) impure f) insane
The patient is so impatient, waiting for the surgery.
a) careful → care
b) circular → circle
c) woollen → wool
d) friendly → friend
e) beautiful → beauty
f) golden → gold
g) graceful → grace
h) wintry → winter
i) muscular → muscle
j) cowardly → coward
because
before
after
when
although
a) I lost the bag which contained my packed lunch.
b) My uncle, who is very rich, is buying a Rolls Royce.
c) The toy yacht, which was made of wood, sailed down the river.
d) The model, which looked very elegant, came down the catwalk.
a) People who really enjoy themselves are fun-loving.
b) A man without a beard is clean-shaven.
c) Someone who is good at gardening is green-fingering.
d) Someone who is very tired may be sleepy-eyed.
e) Most cats are smooth-coated.
a) the claws of the cat - the cat’s claws
b) the apron belonging to the chef - the chef’s apron
c) the car belonging to the thieves -the thieves’ car
d) the hats of the soldiers - the soldiers’ hats
e) the coat belonging to Mr Bristow - Mr Bristow’s coat
f) the headlights of the cars - the cars’ headlights
a) The girl said, “I have done nothing wrong.”
b) Tom said he didn’t want any sweets.
c) Mrs Cook saw nobody she knew in town.
d) I haven’t been anywhere near the wet paint.
e) Neither Jane or Mersha were late.
f) My teacher gave me some homework yesterday.
g) My dad did the crossword easily.
h) Each of the apples were round and red.
i) The boys were fighting.
Son aunt paper lollipop tourist zebra bus conductor husband cup niece bride child
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Neuter |
son | aunt | bus conductor | paper |
husband | niece | child | lollipop |
| bride | zebra | cup |
| | tourist | |
An adverb of time | | is the name of a thought, idea or feeling. |
An adjective phrase | contains at least one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. | |
An abstract noun | tells us when an action took place. | |
A transitive verb | is the form of English usually used in writing. | |
A suffix | is any verb that can take an object. | |
A complex sentence | is a small group of words without any verb that tells us more about the noun. | |
Standard English | may be masculine, feminine, common or neuter. | |
The gender of the noun | is a group of letters we can add to the end of a word to change its meaning. |