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���Ally Baghayo1,Aziza Mhamudu1,Baraka Richard1,Debora Kajeguka1, Maseke Mgabo1 Anthony Charles1,2�� 1Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College�2Management and Development for Health��� 22nd ICASA Conference, 2023�

Prevalence and Risk factors associated with Genital Schistosomiasis among women living with HIV in Lower Moshi Kilimanjaro- Tanzania

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  • Genital Schistosomiasis infection has been associated with increased risk of HIV infection in African women.

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  • The co-infection mediated through some social and behavioral factors.

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  • 40 million between 15 – 40 years age globally

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  • Global Impact: Up to 75% affect women, leading to genital lesions (Braun et al., 2019).

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  • Tanzania's Prevalence: in endemic areas >50% and a 2.9% in HIV/AIDS cases(Downs, 2016).

BACKGROUND

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OBJECTIVES

  • Broad Objective
  • To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Genital schistosomiasis among HIV positive women in lower Moshi.

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  • Specific Objective(s)

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  • To determine the prevalence of Genital schistosomiasis among HIV positive women in lower Moshi.

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  • To determine factors associated with Genital schistosomiasis among HIV positive women in lower Moshi.

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METHODOLOGY 1

  • STUDY DESIGN
  • Cross-sectional hospital-based conducted in Lower Moshi, Pasua health Centre and TPC hospital from April to July 2021.
  • Eligibility Criteria

Inclusions criteria

  • Women with HIV of the age (15-49), aged (15-49, not under anthelminthic drugs medication for a duration of 6 months

Exclusion criteria

  • aged (15-49) who are taking anthelminthic drugs from June to July 2021
  • Sample size
  • N= 260 from using the (Downs et al., 2016)

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METHODOLOGY 2

  • Sampling technique
  • A simple random sampling technique

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  • Study Variables

Dependent variable (Outcome)

  • Genital Schistosomiasis status Positive and Negative

Independent variable (Exposure)

  • HIV/AIDS, Age, Marital status, Residence, Occupation, Education level, Frequent contact of water, Previous infection of schistosomiasis
  • All this independent variable was measured by using pre-tested questionnaire.

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METHODOLOGY 3

Ethical consideration

consent

Participant questionnaire

Data analysis

Sample collection

Laboratory investigation

Face to face interviews

Data interpretation

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RESULTS 1/4

AGE GROUP

MARITAL STATUS

EDUCATIONAL LEVEL

OCCUPATION

RESIDENCE

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RESULTS 2/4

Figure 2. Prevalence of Genital Schistosomiasis among women aged 15-49 living with HIV/AIDS in Lower Moshi

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RESULTS 3/4

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Table 1 : Risk factors associated with Genital schistosomiasis among women aged (15-19) living with HIV/AIDS in Lower Moshi

Variables

N

YES N(%)

P-value

Age

18-30

51

2 (15.4)

0.9

31-40

120

6(46.2)

41-49

89

5(38.5)

Marital status

Single

30

1(7.7)

0.3

Married

100

4(30.8)

Divorced

39

1(7.7)

Widow

44

5(38.5)

Cohabiting

47

2(15.4)

Education Level

Illiterate

22

4(30.8)

0.3

Primary

206

8(61.5)

Secondary

28

1(7.7)

Advance/college

4

0(0)

Occupation status

Unemployed

252

13(100)

0.4

Employed

8

0(0)

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RESULTS 3/4

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Table 1 : Risk factors associated with Genital schistosomiasis among women aged (15-19) living with HIV/AIDS in Lower Moshi

VARIABLES

N

YES N(%)

P-value

Residence

Pasua

 

 

0.5

TPC

50

2(15.4)

Mabogini

85

3((23.1)

Arushachini

30

3(23.1)

Latrine ownership

Yes

256

13(100)

0.6

No

4

0(0)

Reason for contact water

Agriculture

128

8(61.5)

0.6

Fetching water

54

2(15.4)

Swimming

21

0(0)

Washing

47

3(23.1)

Fishing

10

0(0)

Previous infection

Yes

9

8(61.5)

< 0.01

No

251

5(38.5)

Water sources

Piped water

178

7(53.8)

0.08

River

17

3(23.1)

Stream

8

0(0)

Well

57

3(23.1)

Water sources frequently contacted

River

190

8(61.5)

0.5

Dam

62

5(38.5)

Spring

6

0(0)

Pond water

2

0(0)

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DISCUSSION

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  • Previous infection were statistically significant with Genital schistosomiasis (p<0.05).

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  • Other factors were not statistical significant associated with the outcome (p>0.05)

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  • Limitation: The low prevalence may be due to the use of microscopic technique

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RECOMMENDATION

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  • A follow-up study with larger sample size would be important to explore the effect co-infection of Genital schistosomiasis and HIV/AIDS

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  • A mass therapy of women of reproductive age for may be an effective in preventing Genital schistosomiasis

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  • Providing awareness to community members about the subsequences of Genital schistosomiasis

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  • Sincere thanks to our supervisor Dr. Maseke Mgabo, Dr. Debora Kajeguka and Dr. Sixbert Mkumbaye

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  • community members from lower Moshi

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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  • Arndt, M. B., John-stewart, G., Richardson, B. A., Singa, B., Van, L., Verweij, J. J., Sangaré, L. R., Mbogo, L. W., Naulikha, J. M., & Judd, L. (2013). Impact of Helminth Diagnostic Test Performance on Estimation of Risk Factors and Outcomes in HIV-Positive Adults. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081915
  • Braun, A. Von, Trawinski, H., Wendt, S., & Lübbert, C. (2019). Schistosoma and Other Relevant Helminth Infections in HIV-Positive Individuals — An Overview. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 65(4), 13.
  • Brodish, P. H., & Singh, K. (2016). Association between Schistosoma haematobium Exposure and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection among Females in Mozambique. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(5), 1040–1044. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0652
  • Costiniuk, C. T., Cooper, C. L., Doucette, S., & Kovacs, C. M. (2012). Parasitic disease screening among HIV patients from endemic countries in a Toronto clinic. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 23(1), 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/154696Downs, J. A. (2016). HIV and Schistosomiasis: Studies in Tanzania. In Leiden University Repository.
  • Downs, J. A., Dam, G. J. Van, Changalucha, J. M., Corstjens, P. L. A. M., Peck, R. N., Dood, C. J. De, Bang, H., Andreasen, A., Kalluvya, S. E., Lieshout, L. Van, Jr, W. D. J., & Fitzgerald, D. W. (2012). Association of Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection in Tanzania. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 87(5), 868–873. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0395
  • Fleischer Bernhard, M. J. E. (2011). Female genital schistosomiasis and HIV-1 infection in Lower Moshi , Kilimanjaro Tanzania ( Junior Fellowship : Dr . Elia John Mmbaga ). VolkswagenStiftung, 1–2

REFERENCES

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AIDS Is Not Over:

Address inequalities, accelerate inclusion and innovation.

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