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�UNIT-1 �

  • Introduction to Energy

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  • Types of Energy Sources

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  • Solar Energy

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  • Wind Energy

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  • Tidal Energy

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  • Hydro Energy

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  • Biomass Energy

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  • Geothermal Energy

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The different forms of energy:

Energy can be obtained in number of way. It may be in the form of

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      • Chemical energy - due to chemical reaction
      • Electrical energy - due to flow of electron
      • Heat energy - due to thermal vibration
      • Light energy - due to radiation of light
      • Mechanical energy – due to moving parts
      • Nuclear energy - due to nuclear reaction

The SI unit of energy is Joule (or) N/m.

Definition of Energy: Energy can be defined as the ability (or) capacity to do work

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Law of conservation of energy

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According to law of conservation of energy, Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. But, one form of energy can be converted to another form.

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Example:

    • A battery generates electrons from chemical reactions, which are used to make electrical energy.

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    • A heater convert electrical energy into heat energy.

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    • The human leg converts the chemical energy stored in the muscles into mechanical energy when you pedal a bicycle.

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Category of energy resource

On the basis of availability, the energy resources are broadly categories as,

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          • Primary energy resources
          • Secondary energy resources

Primary energy: All energy originates from natural sources such as coal, solar, wind, hydro are called primary energy resources.

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Secondary energy: The energy converted from primary energy sources. For example, the solar energy can be converted into electricity

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Types of Energy sources

  1. Conventional energy sources (or) Non-renewable energy sources
  2. Non-Conventional energy sources (or) Renewable energy sources
    • Generally, non-renewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases and solids.

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Examples: The conventional (or) Non-renewable energy sources are Oil, Coal, Petroleum and natural gas, Nuclear energy

(1) Conventional energy (or) Non-renewable energy

Conventional (or) Non-renewable energy sources are those, which cannot be replaced continuously.

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We can obtain renewable energy from the sun, from the water, from the wind, from crop residues and waste  

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The types of Non-conventional (or) Renewable energies are

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Solar energy Tidal energy

Wind energy Hydro energy

Biomass energy Biofuels

Geothermal Wave Power

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Non-Conventional energy (or) Renewable energy

Renewable energy is a source of energy that can never be exhausted and can be replaced continuously

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Solar energy

Solar energy comes from the light of the sun, which means it is a renewable source of energy. We can use the sun light to create pollution free electricity

The solar cell is the system used to convert the sunlight energy into electrical energy

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Solar collectors

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Areas of the world with high Solar radiation

    • The basic resource for all solar energy systems is the sun.

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    • Knowledge of the quantity and quality of solar energy available at a specific location is of prime importance for the design of any solar energy system

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  • Although the solar radiation is relatively constant outside the earth's atmosphere, local climate influences can cause wide variations in available radiation on the earth’s surface from site to site.

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    • In addition, the relative motion of the sun with respect to the earth will allow surfaces with different orientations to intercept different amounts of solar energy.

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    • It is the primary task of the solar energy system designer to determine the amount, quality and timing of the solar energy available at the site selected for installing a solar energy conversion system.

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Tidal energy is the energy due to the water waves created in the ocean. The tidal energy is also called hydropower.

Tidal energy

      • It is a hydropower due to raise and fall of water wave in ocean. The raise and fall of water wave is due to the gravitational forces of the moon and sun as well as the revolution of the earth
      • The raising and falling waves are used to rotate the turbines and hence the electricity is produced.

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Turbine rotation due to Tidal

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Wind energy

Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air

  • Wind energy systems convert kinetic energy to more useful forms of power.

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  • Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since ancient times

  • From beginning of the 20th century it is being used to

generate electric power.

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  • Wind is simple air in motion.

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  • wind is caused by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun.

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  • During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water.

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  • The warm air over the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds.

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  • This winds are used to rotate turbine blades which spins the generator to produce electricity

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Windmill

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    • A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake.

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    • Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators and the electricity is produced

Hydro energy is derived from flowing water in rivers, water streams in mountains or from man-made installations where water flows from a high-level reservoir down through a tunnel and away from the dam.

Hydro energy

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Biomass energy

Biomass energy (or) bioenergy, is the energy stored in non-fossil organic materials such as wood, straw, vegetable oils and wastes from the forest, agricultural and industrial sectors.

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The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth)

and therme (heat). So, geothermal energy is heat from within the

earth. We can use the steam and hot water produced inside

the earth to heat buildings or generate electricity.

Geothermal energy

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The earth can be compared with egg. The outer layer of the earth is called crest and the center layer is called Mantle and inner layer is called Core (Iron).

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    • For every 100 meters you go below ground, the temperature of the rock increases about 3 degrees Celsius.

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    • So, if you went about 10,000 feet below ground, the temperature of the rock would be hot enough to boil water.

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    • Deep under the surface, water close to the hot rock can reach temperatures of more than 148°C.
  • Below the crust of the earth, the top layer of the mantle is a hot liquid rock called magma.

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  • The crust of the earth floats on this liquid magma mantle.

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    • This is hotter than boiling water (100°C). It doesn't turn into steam because it is not in contact with the air.

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    • When this hot water comes up through a crack in the earth, we call it a hot spring and it is used to rotate the turbines and the electricity is produced.

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    • The most active geothermal resources are usually found along major plate boundaries where earthquakes and volcanoes are concentrated.
    • Most of the geothermal activity in the world occurs in an area called the Ring of Fire.

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BIOFUEL

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Plants use photosynthesisPlants use photosynthesis to grow and produce biomass.�� Also known as biomatter, biomass can be used directly as fuel or to produce liquid biofuel. ��Agriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodieselAgriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanolAgriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasseAgriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-product of sugar caneAgriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-product of sugar cane cultivation) can be burned in internal combustion enginesAgriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol and bagasse (often a by-product of sugar cane cultivation) can be burned in internal combustion engines or boilers. ��

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Typically biofuel is burned to release its stored chemical energy. Research into more efficient methods of converting biofuels and other fuels into electricity utilizing fuel cells is an area of very active work.

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LIQUID BIOFUEL

  • Liquid biofuel is usually either a bioalcohol such as

ethanol fuel ethanol fuel or a bio-oil such as biodiesel and

straight vegetable oil.

  • Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles

with little or no modification to the engine and can

be made from waste and virgin vegetable and

animal oil and fats (lipids).

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Virgin vegetable oils can be used in modified diesel engines. In fact the Diesel engine was originally designed to run on vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel. A major benefit of biodiesel is lower emissions. The use of biodiesel reduces emission of carbon monoxide and other hydrocarbons by 20 to 40%.�

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1.It is fact that the consumption of conventional sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than any other human activity.

2.The use of fossil fuels such as oil and coal produce high concentration harmful gases in the atmosphere and creates so many problems such as Ozone depletion and global warming.

3.The Non-conventional energy sources, such as the sun and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore are called renewable. They cause fewer emissions and are available locally.

4. Financially and economically competitive.

5. Easily deployed.

6. Capacity can be increased.

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Disadvantage

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1.Inadequate documentations and evaluation.

2.Weak or non existent institutions and policies to finanace and commercialize.

3.technical and economic uncertainties.

4.Lack of qualified personel to design,manufacture,operate these systems.

5.Inadequate donor coordination.

Advantage of Non-conventional energy resources

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Prospects of NCES

  1. They can be matched in scale to the needs and can deliver energy of quality required for a specific task.
  2. The total solar energy incoming that is absorbed by earth and its atmosphere is 3.8x1024 J is equivalent to 15-20 times the amount of energy stored in all of worlds reserves of recoverable hydrocarbons.
  3. they can be built close to the site where the energy is required for a specific task.
  4. They can be produced in large numbers and introduced quickly.
  5. Over dependence on imported fuels makes a country more vulnerable to political pressures from producer nations and multinationals.

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