Resilience Skills dan Deteksi Dini, agar perempuan tidak terjebak dalam lingkaran kekerasan berbasis gender
(Violence Based Gender)
Tessa Revananda Putri, S.Psi
VIOLENCE BASED GENDER (?)
Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once Just for today I will try to live.
ADD YOUR TITTLE HERE
Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once Just for today I will try to live
VIOLENCE BASED GENDER (?)
Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once Just for today I will try to live.
ADD YOUR TITTLE HERE
Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once Just for today I will try to live
VIOLENCE BASED GENDER (?)
Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once Just for today I will try to live.
ADD YOUR TITTLE HERE
Just for today I will try to live through this day only and not tackle my whole life problem at once Just for today I will try to live
Violence Based on Gender
(VBG)
01
"Gender-based violence is violence directed against a person because of that person's gender or violence that affects persons of a particular gender disproportionately." Eige Europe.
"Gender-based violence (GBV) is violence committed against a person because of his or her sex or gender. It is forcing another person to do something against his or her will through violence, coercion, threats, deception, cultural expectations, or economic means. Although the majority of survivors of GBV are girls and women, LGBTIQ+, boys and men can also be targeted through GBV." UNHCR
The United Nations’ definition of GBV is, “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women…whether occurring in public or private life." UNFPA
VIOLENCE BASED GENDER (Kekerasan Berbasis Gender)
1
Physical
it results in injuries, distress and health problems, and may even lead to death in certain cases. Typical forms of physical violence are beating, strangling, pushing, and the use of weapons. In the EU, 31 % of women have experienced one or more acts of physical violence since the age of 15.
2
Psychological
includes psychologically abusive behaviours, such as controlling, coercion, economic violence and blackmail. 43% of women in the EU have experienced some form of psychological violence by an intimate partner.
3
Sexual
it includes unconsented sexual acts, attempts to obtain a sexual act, acts to traffic, or acts otherwise directed against a person’s sexuality without the person’s consent. It’s estimated that one in 20 women (5 %) has been raped in EU countries since the age of 15.
4
Economic
The lack of economic resources generalIt creates patterns of violence and poverty that become self-perpetuating, making it extremely difficult for the victims to extricate themselves. y makes women, but also LGBT+ people particularly vulnerable to violence.
UNFPA
VIOLENCE BASED GENDER (Kekerasan Berbasis Gender)
5
Domestic Violence
includes all acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence that occur within the family, domestic unit, or between intimate partners.22 % of all women who have (had) a partner have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a partner since the age of 15.
6
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
is the ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia. It violates women’s bodies and often damages their sexuality, mental health, well-being and participation in their community. It may even lead to death Today, more than 200 million girls and women alive worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation.
7
Force Marriage
refers to marriage concluded under force or coercion – either physical pressure to marry or emotional and psychological pressure. It’s closely linked to child or early marriage, when children are wed before reaching the minimum age for marriage
8
Online Violence
describe all sorts of illegal or harmful behaviours against women, men, children, LGBTQx in the online space. They can include illegal threats, stalking or incitement to violence, unwanted, offensive or sexually explicit emails or messages, sharing of private images or videos without consent, or inappropriate advances on social networking sites.
UNFPA
VIOLENCE BASED GENDER (Kekerasan Berbasis Gender)
9
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is the acquisition and exploitation of people, through means such as force, fraud, coercion, or deception. This heinous crime ensnares millions of women and girls worldwide, many of whom are sexually exploited.
10
Child Marriage
Child marriage refers to any marriage where one or both of the spouses are below the age of 18. It is a violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that “marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.” Girls are more likely to be child brides, and consequently drop out of school and experience other forms of violence.
11
Digital Violence
Online or digital violence against women refers to any act of violence that is committed, assisted or aggravated by the use of information and communication technology (mobile phones, the Internet, social media, computer games, text messaging, email, etc) against a woman because she is a woman. Cyberbullying, Non-Consensual Sexting, Doxing
12
Femicide
Femicide refers to the intentional murder of women because they are women, but may be defined more broadly to include any killings of women or girls. Femicide differs from male homicide in specific ways. For example, most cases of femicide are committed by partners or ex-partners, and involve ongoing abuse in the home, threats or intimidation, sexual violence or situations where women have less power or fewer resources than their partner
UN Women
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
1
Sexual Harrassment
Sexual harassment encompasses non-consensual physical contact, like grabbing, pinching, slapping, or rubbing against another person in a sexual way. It also includes non-physical forms, such as catcalls, sexual comments about a person’s body or appearance, demands for sexual favors, sexually suggestive staring, stalking, and exposing one’s sex organs
2
Rape
Rape is any non-consensual vaginal, anal or oral penetration of another person with any bodily part or object. This can be by any person known or unknown to the survivor, within marriage and relationships, and during armed conflict.
3
Corrective Rape
Corrective rape is a form of rape of perpetrated against someone on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity. It is intended to force the victim to conform to heterosexuality or normative gender identity.
4
Rape Culture
Rape culture is the social environment that allows sexual violence to be normalized and justified. It is rooted in patriarchy and fueled by persistent gender inequalities and biases about gender and sexuality.
UN Women
Political Situation
The topic of gender-based violence is in some cases deemed not to be important, with domestic violence also being given insufficient resources and attention.
Economic Factors
The lack of economic resources generally makes women, but also LGBT+ people particularly vulnerable to violence. It creates patterns of violence and poverty.
Cultural Factor
Patriarchal and sexist views legitimise violence to ensure the dominance and superiority of men. Other cultural factors include gender stereotypes and prejudice, normative expectations of femininity & masculinity
The main cause of the violence is the perpetrator him or herself: it is very important to keep in mind that a person who has been affected by gender-based violence is never responsible for the perpetrator’s actions. There is no single factor that can explain gender-based violence in our societies, but rather a myriad of factors contribute to it, and the interplay of these factors lies at the root of the problem.
What Causes of VBG?
Political Situation
The topic of gender-based violence is in some cases deemed not to be important, with domestic violence also being given insufficient resources and attention.
Economic Factors
The lack of economic resources generally makes women, but also LGBT+ people particularly vulnerable to violence. It creates patterns of violence and poverty.
Legal Factors
Being a victim of gender-based violence is perceived in many societies as shameful and weak, with many women still being considered guilty of attracting violence against themselves
The main cause of the violence is the perpetrator him or herself: it is very important to keep in mind that a person who has been affected by gender-based violence is never responsible for the perpetrator’s actions. There is no single factor that can explain gender-based violence in our societies, but rather a myriad of factors contribute to it, and the interplay of these factors lies at the root of the problem.
What Causes of VBG?
Parametric Data Facts
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Strengthening
Strengthening its health sector response to GBV, as an entry point to providing services to survivors of violence
Policy support
Advocacy
Prevention Program
provides evidence-based advocacy and policy and programming advice for the prevention of GBV, including as part of a humanitarian response, with particular emphasis on linkages to reproductive health:
Policy advice on the prevention of GBV, including in humanitarian setting
Provides technical assistance & Evidence Based to the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection (MOWECP) and BPS-Statistics Indonesia for the conduct of the National VAW Survey.
Prevention of VBG
UNFPA Indonesia
End the VBG
Since 2018, the global project on Ending Gender-based Violence and Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a partnership between UNDP and the Republic of Korea, and in collaboration with United Nations University International Institute for Global Health,
Integrate
Elevate
Financial funding
We also need to elevate this evidence to policy makers and to support them in putting the findings into action.By working collaboratively and building trust between key players, the project was able to take a more holistic approach and to create stronger alliances to boost its sustainability and impacts.
Bringing together diverse partners to jointly incorporate efforts to end GBV into “non-GBV” programmes has been central to the Ending GBV and Achieving the SDGs project. Pilots in Indonesia, Peru and the Republic of Moldova integrated a GBV lens into local development planning
The Ending GBV and Achieving the SDGs project also finds positive results when financing local plans. Through pilot initiatives in Peru, Moldova and Indonesia, it was possible to mobilize funds when different municipal governments take ownership of participatory planning processes at an early stage. The local level is a key, yet an often overlooked, entry point to identifying community needs and, through participatory, multi-sectoral partnerships
Three Ways to End A Violence Based Gender (UNDP)
Pasal 27 ayat 1 UUD Tahun 1945
Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1984
Instruksi Presiden No. 9 Tahun 2000
Segala warga negara bersamaan kedudukannya di dalam hukum dan pemerintahan dan wajib menjunjung hukum dan pemerintahan itu dengan tidak ada kecualinya
Era Reformasi Presiden Abdurahman Wahid mengeluarkan Instruksi Presiden No. 9 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengarusutamaan Gender dalam Pembangunan Nasional. Kemenkeu & KemenPPPA menindaklanjuti instruksi presiden tersebut dg dibuat Buku Panduan Perencanaan dan Penganggaran yang Responsif Gender.
Pengesahan Konvensi mengenai Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi Terhadap Wanita.Indonesia juga mengirimkan wakil untuk bergabung di dalam Komite CEDAW (The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women). Ida Soekaman (1987), Prof. Dr. Ir. Pudjiwati Sajogyo (1987-1990), Prof. Dr. Sunaryati Hartono (1995-1998), dan Sjamsiah Achmad (2001-2004).
1945
1984
2000
Perjalanan Pembuatan Peraturan Perundangan
UU No. 23 Tahun 2002
Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2004
Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2006
Lahirnya Undang-Undang tenrang Perlindungan Anak, yang turut mengatur mengenai hak-hak anak, keseteraan gender di muka hukum dan publik, yang kini telah direvisi menjasi Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentanf Perlindungan Anak dan UU No. 17 Tahun 2016 penetapan peraturan pemerintah UU No. 1 Tahun 2016 tentanf perubahan kedua atas UU No. 23 Tahun 2002
Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan, mengatur tentang hak sipil (kepemilikan dokumen negara, KK, Akta Lahir, KTP, dll) yang kini menjadi UU Noomor 24 Tahun 2013.
Lahirnya Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (PKDRT), beserta aturan turunanya, termaduk Rencanan Aksi Nasional Penghapusan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (RAN PKDRT). Rencana Aksi Nasional Perlindungan dan Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Anak dalam Konflik Sosial (RAN P3AKS) dan Rencana Aksi Nasional Penanggulangan dan Pencegahan Ekstremisme yang mengarah pada Terorisme (RAN PE) di tingkat desa/kelurahan.
2002
2004
2020
Perjalanan Pembuatan Peraturan Perundangan
UU No. 13 Tahun 2006
Undang-undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2007
Lahirnya Undang-Undang tentang tentang Perlindungan Saksi dan Korban, memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam rangka penegakan hukum dan penanganan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Yang kini berubah menjadi UU No. 31 Tahun 2014, diman didalamnya mengatur mengenai hak restitusi korban tindak pidana, dan perlindungan hak saksi dan korban lainnya.
Peraturan Menteri Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dan Perlindungan Anak Nomor 13 Tahun 2020 tentang Perlindungan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Dari Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Dalam Bencana
Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang.Dalam sistem hukum pidana Indonesia, ketentuan mengenai larangan perdagangan orang pada dasarnya telah diatur dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP). Pasal 297 KUHP menentukan mengenai larangan perdagangan wanita dan anak laki-laki belum dewasa dan mengkualifikasikan tindakan tersebut sebagai kejahatan.
2006
2007
2020
Permen PPPA No. 13 Tahun 2020
Perjalanan Pembuatan Peraturan Perundangan
Undang Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023
Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana. RKUHP Nasional dikenal ada 3 (tiga) jenis pidana, Pertama, pidana pokokyang terdiri dari: a. pidana penjara; b. pidana tutupan; c. pidana pengawasan; d. pidana denda; dan e. pidana kerja sosial.
UU tentang Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Seksual, yang hadir untuk berpihak dan melindungi korban serta memberikan payung hukum bagi aparat penegak hukum untuk menangani kasus kekerasan seksual.pelaku tindak pidana kekerasan seksual tertentu bisa dihukum membayar restitusi (ganti rugi pada korban), hak asuhnya dicabut, identitasnya diumumkan, dan kekayaannya dirampas.
2020
2022
2023
UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2022
Perpres Nomor 101 Tahun 2022
Strategi Nasional Penghapusan Kekerasan Terhadap Anak (Stranas PKTA) merupakan strategi nasional yang dituangkan dalam dokumen yang memuat arah kebijakan, strategi, fokus strategi, dan intervensi kunci, serta target, peran, dan tanggung jawab kementerian/lembaga (K/L), pemerintah daerah provinsi, pemerintah daerah kabupaten/kota, dan masyarakat untuk mewujudkan penghapusan kekerasan terhadap anak.
Perjalanan Pembuatan Peraturan Perundangan
Deteksi Dini & Lakukan Langkah Pencegahan
02
Tanda Fisik
Ini yang paling mudah untuk dideteksi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Ada rasa sakit dan atau bekas /luka, lebam, atau memar yang ditimbulkan sebagai tanda telah terjadinya jenis kekerasan fisik. Pada area tertentu, vaginal, menjadi bias gender terkait pembuktiaan pemaksaan hubungan seksual/kekerasan seksual di dalam pernikahan/intim (marital rape). Butuh visum et.repretrum untuk membuktikannya.
Ancaman
Ingat, bahwa kekerasan berbasis gender karena adanya ketimpangan atau relasi kuasa. Ada pihak yang lebih dominan terhadap pihal lainnya. Para korban biasanya mendapatkan ancaman dalam bentuk intimidasi, kekerasan fisik, bujuk rayu, retas privasi, dsb. Pastikan kita mampu mengungkap motif ancaman yg diterima korban.
Deteksi Dini VBG di sekitarmu
Poor Appearance
Memang tidak bisa digeneralisir, namun pada umumnya para korban VBG khususnya pasa kasus KDRT dan Penelantaran, akan lebih memunculkan stigma terkait penampilan fisik yg kurang/tidak terawat. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya faktor pemiskinan oleh pelaku terhadap korban, sehingga korban yg dalam keterbatasan ekonomi, tidak mampu membeli produk perawatan untuk good appearance maintanance.
Perubahan Perilaku
Ingat, bahwa kekerasan berbasis gender menimbulkan luka dan trauma akibat kesengsaraan berkepanjangan. Hal ini membuat para korban terdampak secara psikologis, khususnya pada area self-esteem, dan konsep diri. Hal ini menimbulkan perubahan perilaku signifikan seperti mudah murung, lebih pendiam, hypervigiliance, hypersensitive, mengurung diri, mengisolasi diri, rendahnya keberhargaan diri.
Deteksi Dini VBG di sekitarmu
Post Traumatic Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) adalah gangguan traumatik paska stress. Memori dan ketegangan ingatan yang muncul terus-menerus membentuk gejala dari Acute Stress Disorder dan Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Terus menerus mengalami peristiwa traumatis, melalui ingatan atau mimpi,Upaya menghindari pikiran, perasaan, atau percakapan, tempat, aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan trauma. Sulit konsentrasi, Mudah marah atau meledak-ledak. MMPI & PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL 5)
Trauma
Trauma terjadi karena ada peristiwa yang dialami secara langsung, menyaksikan (tidak hanya korban), merasakan.Trauma berakibat buruk pada korban tergantung dari proses merespon dan gejala yang muncul berlangsung, lamanya frekuensi dan intensitas yang terjadi. ingatan, mimpi-mimpi, kecemasan, gelisah, dan merasa bahwa peristiwa yang dialami seolah-olah berulang kembali. Patient Health Quotion (PHQ-9), Pediatric Symtoms Checklist (PSC-14/30)
Deteksi Lanjutan VBG & Pemeriksaan Psikologi
Building Ressilience Skills
03
"Resilience is the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands."
American Psychology Association
Social Construct
Resilience originates from the Latin word resiliens, which refers to the pliant or elastic quality of a substance (R. R. Greene et al., 2002). Masten (2005) defines resilience as a class of phenomena characterized by good outcomes in spite of serious threats to adaptation of development.
Psychiatric
Developmental Health
Psychology
Perry (2002) defines resilience as the capacity to face stressors without significant negative disruption in functioning. In developmental literature, resilience is typically discussed in terms of protective psychological risk factors that foster the development of positive outcomes and healthy personality characteristics (Bonanno, 2004).
Rutter (1987), a psychiatric risk researcher, states that the term is used to describe the positive tone of individual differences in people’s response to stress and adversity. Janas (2002) identified the term as the ability to bounce back from adversity, frustration, and misfortune.
Resilience is also used interchangeably with positive coping, adaptation, and persistence (R. R. Greene et al., 2002). In essence, resilience researchers agree that resilience is concerned with individual variations in response to risk. While some individuals succumb to stress and adversity, others survive and respond well to the challenges associated with life’s hazards
Resilience Theory & Constructs
The Compensatory
The compensatory model sees resilience as a factor that neutralizes exposures to risk. Risk factors and compensatory factors independently contribute to the prediction outcome. included optimism, empathy, insight, intellectual competence, self-esteem, direction or mission, and determination and perseverance.
The Challenge
The challenge model suggests that a risk factor, provided it is not too extreme, can actually enhance a person’s adaptation. In essence, the experience prepares the individual for the next challenge (O’Leary, 1998).
The Protective Factor
The protective factors identified included emotional management skills, intrapersonal reflective skills, academic and job skills, ability to restore self-esteem, planning skills, life skills, and problem-solving skills (Ungar, 2004)
Several researchers have used different terms for the three resilience models that essentially describe the same mechanisms for the impact of stress on quality adaptation. They include compensatory model, the challenge model, and the protective factor of immunity versus vulnerability model (O’Leary, 1998).
Models of Resilience
Ressilience Skills
Simpulan
Resiliensi sebagai kapasitas atau kemampuan untuk beradaptasi secara positif dalam mengatasi permasalahan hidup yang signifikan. Resiliensi merupakan konstruk psikologi yang diajukan oleh para ahli behavioral dalam rangka usaha untuk mengetahui, mendefinisikan dan mengukur kapasitas individu untuk tetap bertahan dan berkembang pada kondisi yang menekan (adverse conditions) dan untuk mengetahui kemampuan individu untuk kembali pulih (recovery) dari kondisi tekanan
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