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Determination of nutrient requirements

Indicated minimum/recommended values:

  • Protein*: 0.8-2.2 g/kg (0.36-1.0 g/lbs)
  • Carbohydrate: Low 2.5-3.5 g/kg (1.1-1.6 g/lbs); High 5.0-10.0 g/kg (2.25-4.5 g/lbs)

120-140 g/day (for neuron functions)

  • Lipids: 0.8-1.0 g/kg (0.36-0.4 g/lbs)

2-3 g/day of omega-3 (2 g ALA, 0.5 g EPA and DHA)

12-17 g/day of omega-6

* Based growth, recovery and repair:

Need 0.8-2.0 g Nitrogen/kg for nitrogen balance

14 mg/kg of methionine, cysteine (to meet sulfur needs)

5-20 g/day BCAA (maximum)

3-6 g/day creatine

From: Clark, HAPS Educator (2021)

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Cont.

  • Vitamin (amount per day)

Vit A: ~900 μg (<3000 μg), Vit D: 15-20 μg (<50 μg), Vit E 12-15 μg (<1000 μg), Vit K: 90-120 μg

Vit B1: ~1-2 mg, Vit B2: ~1-2 mg, Vit B3: 14-16 mg (<35 mg), Vit B5: 5 mg, Vit B6 1-2 mg (<100 mg)

Vit B7: 30 μg, Vit B9: 400 μg (<1000 μg), Vit B12: ~2.5 μg, Vit C: 75-90 mg

Choline: 425-550 mg (<3500 mg)

  • Mineral (amount per day)

Ca: 1-1.2 g (<2.5 g), Cl: 2-2.5 g, Cr: 20-35 μg, Cu: 900 μg (<10,000 μg), F: 3-4 mg (<10 mg)

I: 1.2-1.5 mg, Fe: 8-18 mg (<45 mg),Mg: 320-4250 mg, Mn: 1.8-2.3 mg (<11 mg),

Mo 45 μg (<2000 μg), P: 700 mg (<4000 mg), K: 1.6-3.5 g (<4.2 g), Se: 55 μg (<400 μg), Na: 0.5-2.3 g (<4 g),

S: 1.1-2 g, Zn: 8-11 mg (<40 mg)

From: Clark, HAPS Educator (2021)

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Summary of nutrient utilization based on tissues and cell classifications. Note: CHO=carbohydrates, Glu=glucose, KB=Ketone Body, Pyr=Pyruvate, LA=Lactate, FFA=Fatty-Acid, aa=amino acid.

Tissue

Nutrient used for metabolism

Energetic preference (if applicable)

Storage

Nutrient release for use at other

Tissue

Nutrient used for metabolism

Energetic preference (if applicable)

Storage

Nutrient release for use at other

Adipose

CHO

Glu

FFA

FFA (via lipogenesis)

FFA (via lipolysis)

Kidney

Glu

FFA

 

Glu (via gluconeogenesis)

 

Blood Cells

Glu

Pyr

LA

None

 

Neuron

Glu

KB

None

None

Bone Tissue/

Skeleton

Glu

CHO

aa (via Protein)

aa (via proteolysis)

Liver

Glu

LA and Pyr (for gluconeogenesis)

aa

FFA

FFA (via lipogenesis)

Glu (via Glycogen)

Glu (via glycogenolysis gluconeogenesis)

FFA (via lipolysis)

KB (via transamination, ketogenesis)

Cardiac Muscle

Glu

FFA

LA and Pyr

KB

FFA>KB>Glu

None

None

Skeletal Muscle

CHO

Glu

FFA

LA and Pyr

KB

Glu ≥ FFA ≥ KB*

Glu (via Glycogen)

aa (via protein synthesis)

Pyr (via glycolysis)

aa (via proteolysis)

LA (via pyruvate reduction)

From: Clark, HAPS Educator (2021)

* indicates order of preference

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Summary of vitamin, mineral and co-enzyme factor utilization based on tissues and cell classifications.

From: Clark, HAPS Educator ( 2021)

Tissue

Vitamin Utilized in Normal Metabolic Functions

Mineral and Electrolyte Utilized in Normal Metabolic Functions

Co-Factors Utilized

Adipose

Vit B

Ca, Na, K, PO43-

OAA,

Blood Cells

Vit B, Vit D, Vit E, Vit K

Fe, Cu, Cl, Na, K, Zn, PO43-

Creatine, Vit B12

Bone Tissue/Skeleton

Vit A, Vit B, Vit C, Vit D

Ca, Na, K, F, Mg, PO43-, Mn

Creatine, Citrate, Vit C

Cardiac Muscle

Vit A, Vit B

Ca, Na, K, Mg, PO43-

Carnitine (Mitochondria)

Kidney

Vit A, Vit B, Vit C, Vit D

Ca, Na, K, Cu, Se, Zn, Su, NH3, PO43-

Creatine, Glutathione, Thiamine, Niacin, Flavonoids, Bioflavonoid, Co-Q10,

Neuron

Vit A, Vit B, Vit D, Vit E

I, Ca, Na, K, PO43-

Creatine, Taurine, Tyrosine, Glutamine, Choline

Liver

Vit A, Vit B, Vit C, Vit D

Ca, Na, K, Cu, Se, Zn, Su, NH3, PO43-

Creatine, Carnitine (Mitochondria)

Cholesterol, Glutathione, Flavonoids, Bioflavonoid, Co-Q10, Thiamine, Niacin

Skeletal Muscle

Vit A, Vit B, Vit C, Vit D, Vit E

I, Ca, Na, K, Mg, NH2, PO43-

Creatine, AMPk, CK, Carnitine (Mitochondria)

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USDA guidelines for RDI

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USDA guidelines for RDI