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21.1 Introduction

The waters separating Japan helped protect the Japanese from conquest by other Asian people
Japan remained politically independent
Developed its own civilization
Nara was the capital for most of the 8^th century
In 794, emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyo*. which marked the start of the Heian period
The Heian period* is often called Japan’s Golden Age
Aristocrats led a great flourishing of Japanese culture
They prized beauty, elegance, and correct manners
Over time, new forms of literature and art developed*
The culture of the Heian period still influences Japanese art and life today

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21.2 A New Capital

Buddhists priests of Nara gained a great deal of influence over the Japanese court during the 8^th century
In 784, the emperor Kammu decided to move his capital away from Nara*
First site was Nagaoka (about 30 miles from Nara) which seemed to be unlucky*
Kammu stopped work on Nagaoka in 794 and ordered the capital to be moved again
Second site was a village on the Yodo River*
Kammu began building a new city he called Heian-kyo, “The Capital of Peace and Tranquility”
Heian-kyo was the first truly Japanese city. It is called Kyoto today.*
Daily life was very formal, and correct manners were extremely important*

Kammu wanted a larger, grander city for his capital and he thought the priests’ power was damaging to the government

There were rumors of corruption (dishonest or illegal practices, especially involving money) as money poured in to build the city.
People said the land had been acquired through a deal with a rich Chinese family
The emperor’s family suffered illnesses at this time

The second site was lovelier than Nagaoka and easier to protect from attacks
Heian-kyo was laid out in a checkerboard pattern like the Chinese city of Chang’an; it had a lovely and elegant wall, it was set in forested hills, amid streams, waterfalls, and lakes; it had wide, tree-lined streets; and shrines and temples blended with the surrounding beauty
The streets were modeled after Chang’an, but the architecture was Japanese
Palaces and government offices were in the center of the city.

Wealthy Heian families lived in mansions surrounded by beautiful gardens with artificial lakes. The grounds of each home covered 3 to 4 acres and were enclosed by a white stone wall.
Mansions included large rooms divided by screens or curtains and were connected with open-air covered hallways.
Simplicity was considered beautiful , so only straw mats and cushions were on the wood floors. The Japanese did not use chairs.
A Heian lady sat behind a portable screen. This hid her from view while she took part in life around the house. An unmarried lady would permit her suitor to see past the screen only after a romance had become serious.

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21.3 The Rise of the Fujiwara Family

Aristocrats were the political and cultural leaders of Japan
By the mid-9^th century, the real power in the imperial court shifted from the emperor to aristocratic families.
The most important of these noble families were the Fujiwara*, who controlled Japan for nearly 300 years
The Fujiwara had other ways of exercising power*
Fujiwara Michinaga* was the most successful Fujiwara leader
Led Japan from 995 to 1028
He never had an official role in the government, but had the respect of all around him
Is one of the best-known people in Japan’s history
The Fujiwara family became richer during Michinaga’s time in power
The family kept peace in Japan for nearly 3 centuries which helped Japanese culture blossom during the Heian period

The Fujiwara were never actually rulers
The Japanese believed that the emperor’s family was descended from Japan’s sun goddess. This gave the royal family a special right to govern.

First, beginning in 858, the Fujiwara married many of their young daughters into the royal family
They also made sure that sons of the Fujiwara royal wives were chosen to be emperors.
Second, the Fujiwara acted as advisors to the emperor. However, they had more power than the rulers they guided. They often coaxed older emperors to retire so that a child or youth could take the throne. Then the Fujiwara ruled as regents in the young emperor’s name

Fujiwara Michinaga was the father-in-law of 4 emperors and the grandfather of 3 more. He lived in great wealth and luxury. The Fujiwara family build palaces, mansions, and temples. After his death, his son built a famous temple that came to be called Phoenix Hall. It likely earned this name because it was shaped like a bird in flight. Part of the temple still stands today as a beautiful reminder of Japan’s Golden Age.

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21.4 Social Position in the Heian Court

Ranking was highly important during the Heian period
Rank was determined almost completely by what family he or she came from
Being born into a high-ranking family mattered more than personal qualities or skills
There were 9 main ranks*
The 9 main ranks were divided into classes such as senior, junior, upper, and lower. In all there were some 30 subranks. Each rank came with specific privileges and detailed rules about conduct*

High court nobles filled the top 3 ranks. These nobles were appointed by the emperor, and they dealt directly with him.
Less important officials filled the 4^th and 5^th ranks.
Nobles in all these ranks received profits from rice farms throughout the countryside and money from taxes paid by peasant farmers.
Minor officials, clerks, and experts in such fields as law and medicine filled the 6^th through 9^th ranks.

Members of different ranks had different types of houses and carriages. Ranks determined the number of servants people had and even the number of folds in the fans they carried. Men of the first, second, and third ranks carried fans with 25 folds. Men of the fourth and fifth ranks used fans with 23 folds. The fans of those in the lower ranks had 12 folds.
Ranking also determined such matters as what color clothing a noble could wear and the height of a gatepost in front of his family’s home. Also, if a person was found guilty of a crime, rank determined how harsh the sentence would be.

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21.5 Beauty and Fashion During the Heian Period

Heian society prized beauty, elegance, and fashion.
To be described as yoki (good), people had to come from an important family and had to look nice* and be sensitive to beauty in nature, poetry, and art.
Individuals were judged by how good their taste was.*
The ability to recognize beauty was valued over qualities like generosity and honesty.

Men and women groomed themselves with great care.
Small, pointed beards were considered attractive on male courtiers (members of a ruler’s court).
Women grew long hair which was an important beauty feature. Ideally, a woman’s hair would grow longer than she was tall.
White teeth were considered unattractive, so both men and women carefully blackened their teeth. They used a dye made from iron and other ingredients soaked in tea or vinegar.
How one smelled was also very significant, so both men and women wore scents. People guarded their scent recipes carefully.
Makeup was important to women. They used white face powder to make themselves look very pale, and then put touches of red on their cheeks over the chalky powder. Then a small red mouth was painted. Eyebrows were plucked and women painted on a set in just the right spot on their forehead.
A women’s clothing needed to be beautiful. An aristocratic women might wear as many as 12 silk under-robes at a time.

The love of beauty also showed in Heian architecture, calligraphy, poetry, and artwork. Concern with form and beauty was so great that courtiers sometimes performed stylized dances as part of their official duties

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21.6 Entertainment at the Heian Court

Heian-kyo’s aristocrats had plenty of leisure time for sporting events, games, and contests.*
Each of the many festivals and celebrations on the Heian calendar had its own customs.*

Men enjoyed watching horse races, archery contests, and sumo wrestling. In sumo wrestling, young men of great weight try to throw each other to the ground or out of the ring. Men and women enjoyed watching boat races along the river that ran through the city when the weather was warm.

Groups of courtiers played a game called kemari, in which they kick a leather ball back and forth, keeping it in the air for as long as possible. They played in the same elegant robes they wore at court.
Women used the stone pieces of the popular board game go to play a game called rango. The object was to balance as many stones as possible on one finger.

Customs involved contests that tested athletic, poetic, and artistic skill. In the Festival of the Snake, cups of wine were floated in a stream. Guests took a cup and drank from it. Then they had to think up and recite a poem.
Other special days featured contests that judged the best-decorated fans, the most fragrant perfumes, the loveliest artwork, or the most graceful dancing.

Bugaku performances were a popular form of entertainment. Bugaku combined dance with music and drama. Bugaku dancers wore masks and acted out a simple story using memorized movements

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21.7 Sculpture and Painting During the Heian Period

Artists continued to be influenced by Chinese art during the Heian period.
Gradually sculptors and painters created their own Japanese styles.
Early Heian sculptors commonly made an entire work from one piece of wood
Later in this period, sculptors made statues by carving separate pieces from carefully selected wood and then joining them*
In painting, Heian artists consciously developed a Japanese style called yamato-e, or “Japanese painting”
Scenes were drawn with thin lines and then quickly filled with bright colors
Lines made quickly suggested movement while in a restful scene, lines drawn more deliberately*

By making statues this way, sculptors could make the separate parts in large quantities with the help of assistants. As a result, they could create a group of similar statues quickly and precisely. Jocho, an artist who worked for Fujiwara Michinaga, probably developed this technique. Jocho made the greatest masterpiece of Heian sculpture, the Amida Buddha. This Buddha, “The Lord of Boundless Light,” was subject of much popular worship in Japan.

At first artists used yamato-e to paint Buddhist subjects. Over time they focused on nonreligious scenes. There were 4 main types of yamato-e: landscapes showing the 4 seasons, places of natural beauty, people doing seasonal tasks, and scenes from literature (called “story paintings”).
The new style of painting was used to decorate walls, screens, and the sliding doors of houses and temples. Some of the most famous examples of yamato-e are scroll paintings. A scroll painting shows a series of scenes from right to left, so that views see events in time order as they unroll the scroll. The Chinese invented scroll painting but Heian painters added their own distinctive touches such as showing scenes inside buildings from above.

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21.8 Writing and Literature During the Heian Period

Writing was the most valued form of expression in Heian Japan.
Everyone was expected to show skill in using words well.
Poetry was part of daily life in Heian-Kyo.*
There were 2 ways of writing syllables in Heian times.
Men used katakana when they wrote anything important.
The second way was hiragana which were formed from simple strokes that made writing and reading easier and faster*
Heian writers took care to present their work in a beautiful manner*
The female companions to the courtiers of Heian-kyo were usually selected for their intelligence. Therefore they often took a great interest in literature. As a result, women led the flowering of a golden age of Japanese literature in the 10^th and 11^th centuries*

People were expected to make up poetry in public. If they could not think up a few clever lines to fit the occasion, others noticed the failure. Men and women carefully created poems to charm each other. If someone received a poem, he or she was expected to write a response with the same style, mood, and imagery as the original.

Court women favored hiragana for personal writing, and some of them used it to create lasting works of literature.

Calligraphy skills were as important as the ability to create poetry. People believed that handwriting revealed their character and goodness better than the words they used.

The best known Heian writer was Murasaki Shikibu. She served as a lady-in-waiting to one of the daughters of Michinaga Fujiwara. She wrote The Tale of Genji which is a Heian masterpiece. Today it is regarded as one of the greatest works in world literature. It is often called the world’s first novel. The book follows the love life of Genji, a fictional prince and paints a vivid picture of life in the Heian court. Much of the book focuses on the thoughts and feelings of the characters, particularly women. Hence, it has served as a model for the modern romance novel.
Shikibu also kept a diary about her life in the court. Her diary offers historians a close look at court life in the 10^th and 11^th centuries
Sei Shonagon was another leading writer. She wrote Pillow Book which presents a detailed picture of life in Heian-kyo. Pillow Book a collection of clever stories, character sketches, conversations, descriptions of art and nature, and various lists.

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21.9 The End of the Heian Period

Problems brought an end to the Heian period
Aristocrats lived very well in Heian-kyo, but most people in Japan’s rural areas were quite poor.
The peasants’ farming and other work supported Heian-Kyo’s rich.
The wealthy looked down on the poor and ignored their problems.
Events in the countryside began to weaken the Heian court*

The practice of giving large estates to top nobles slowly reduced the emperors’ power. Those who owned these estates did not pay taxes. After a time, tax-free land was quite common and the government could no longer collect enough taxes to support the emperor.
Japan’s rulers began to lose control. Bandits roamed the countryside. People of different religions began to band together to attack and rob each other. The government was now too weak to supply law enforcement. Estate owners created their own police and armies to protect their lands. The profits from landowners’ estates went to paying the warriors instead of supporting the emperor.
By the 12^th century, the power of some local lords rivaled that of the weakened imperial government. Fighting broke out over control of the land and various clans struggled for power in the capital. By 1180, there was a civil war in Japan.
In 1185, Minamoto Yoritomo, the head of a military family, seized power. A new era began in which military leaders controlled Japan.

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21.10 The Effect of the Heian Period on Japan Today

Much of Japan’s culture has remained quite constant since the Heian period. This can be seen most clearly in Japan’s literature and drama.
Heian authors influenced many later Japanese writers.*
The success of these writers had a major effect on Japan’s written language. The Japanese people today write with the same characters used in The Tale of Genji
Tanka poetry is still a vibrant part of Japanese literature today.
Modern Japanese drama shows Heian influence.
Bugaku led to Japan’s unique Noh theater (a classic form of Japanese drama involving heroic themes, a chorus, and dance)*