Prepared By T.Srinivas Reddy,S.A S.S ZPHS Appajipeta,(M)&(D):Nalgonda.Cellno :9494443332.
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Telangana Social Studies Teachers' Forum
Prepared By T.Srinivas Reddy,S.A S.S ZPHS Appajipeta,(M)&(D):Nalgonda.Cellno :9494443332.
Looking at Development Again
1 · DEVELOPMENT
GDP
The value of goods and services produced within a country.
Per capita income
The average income per person.
HDI
Human Development Index: adds health and education to income.
A country can produce more every year, yet some people enjoy luxury while others lack food, jobs, housing and healthcare. Employment, income inequality and equal access to opportunities matter too.
Inequality in India
Rich
Above ₹17 lakh
3
million households
Middle class
₹3.4–17 lakh
31
million households
Aspirers
₹1.5–3.4 lakh
71
million households
Deprived
Below ₹1.5 lakh
135
million households
Deprived households far outnumbered rich ones: income and opportunities were unequally distributed.
Source and Sink Functions
11.1 The Environment and Development
Source
Supplies resources for production.
Sink
Absorbs waste and pollution.
Use resources faster than they replenish, and the source runs dry. Pollute beyond its capacity, and the sink fails.
Overuse of Groundwater
EXAMPLE 1 · WATER
Traditional methods
Modern methods
Carrying Capacity
The environment's ability to support economic production and consumption in the future.
Full
Shrinking
Dry
Take water from a village pond every day, refill it very little, and it dries up.
Over-using groundwater causes shortages in the same way.
When Pumping Beats Recharge
Groundwater recharge: rainwater seeps into soil and rocks and refills underground water. If extraction exceeds recharge for long, the water table falls.
1/3
of India was pumping out more groundwater than was being recharged (nearly)
~300
districts (about) recorded falling water levels
4 m+
fall in water level over the preceding 20 years
Why Excess Pumping Is Unsustainable
Groundwater levels fall
Wells may dry up
Farmers must pump from greater depths
Pumping costs can increase
Groundwater may become contaminated
Future generations may face water scarcity
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
In simple words: use natural resources carefully, so people today can improve their lives without depriving the people of tomorrow.
The goal is not to stop development.
Sustainable Practices
Harvesting rainwater
Protecting forests
Using water efficiently
Reducing pollution
Promoting renewable energy
Preventing excessive extraction
The aim is development without destroying the natural systems human life depends on.
Pesticides: Protection With a Price
EXAMPLE 2 · PESTICIDES
Silent Spring, 1962
Rachel Carson explained how DDT and other pesticides harm birds and human beings. Residues wash into water, build up in fish, and harm the birds that eat them.
Pesticide
Water
Fish
Birds
Soil and water contamination
Harm to birds and other organisms
Risks to human health
Residues in food chains
Pest resistance
Endosulfan in Kasaragod, Kerala
EXAMPLE 2 · PESTICIDES
1976
Endosulfan spraying begins over cashew-growing areas.
Many years
The environment is contaminated; serious health problems, especially among agricultural workers.
Court order
The spraying is banned.
Lesson: chemicals used to protect crops can also damage the food chain and the environment.
Narmada Valley Development Project
11.2.People’s Rights over The Environment
The aims
Costs of the Sardar Sarovar Dam
A project can benefit some people while causing hardship to others.
Baba Mahariya's Letter
11.2 · JALSINDHI VILLAGE, 1994
Food
A variety of crops and forest foods
Farming
Ancestral land and local resources
Finance
Own produce and forests, not only cash
Forests
Wood, bamboo, food, fodder, medicine
Housing
Local materials for homes and household items
Social ties
Shared labour and mutual support
Culture
Sacred places, festivals, ancestral memories
Money alone could not replace it all.
What one group calls development may be destruction for another.
11.2 · ENVIRONMENT AND EQUITY
Why the villagers refused to move
Their land was not just property. It gave them food security, livelihood, culture, social ties and independence. Compensation could not replace it all.
Why nature and equity go together
When poor and tribal communities lose forests, rivers and farmland, they must buy food, fuel and fodder. Equity means fairness in sharing resources, opportunities, benefits and burdens.
Chipko and Narmada Bachao Andolan
11.2 · BOTH DEFEND NATURE AND LOCAL RIGHTS
Chipko Movement
Main concern: trees and traditional forest rights
Narmada Bachao Andolan
Main concern: rights of people affected by dams
Three Goals, One Path
11.3 · TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Some policymakers once said: grow first, deal with pollution later. But damage to forests, rivers, groundwater and climate may be irreversible or extremely costly to repair.
Economy
Improve livelihoods, employment, production and living standards.
Environment
Conserve water, forests, soil, biodiversity and other natural resources.
Equity
Share benefits fairly, with no unfair burden on poor communities.
Measures for Sustainable Development
11.3 · TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Movements
People organise to protect local resources and rights.
Courts
Pollution-free water and air are part of the Right to Life (Article 21).
Government
Laws, pollution-control procedures and penalties.
International cooperation
Countries must work together on global problems like climate change.
Community initiatives
Local groups develop sustainable farming, fishing, energy use and resource management.
Sustainable Development with Equity · 18
Cleaner Fuel for Delhi's Buses
11.3 · COURTS IN ACTION
1998
Supreme Court directions required public transport vehicles in Delhi to switch from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG).
Diesel
CNG
Result
Air pollution was reduced.
New challenge
A later increase in private vehicles.
Organic Farming
11.3 · ORGANIC FARMING
Farming that avoids synthetic chemical fertilisers and pesticides, using natural ways to keep soil fertile and control pests.
Crop rotation
Compost preparation
Biological pest control
Locally available resources
Beneficial soil organisms
A variety of crops
Organic Farming Across India
Growing awareness → local initiatives → state policies
2016
Sikkim prohibited chemical fertilisers and pesticides and became India's first fully organic state.
Uttarakhand
Promotes organic farming and natural agricultural practices.
Benefits
Less dependence on synthetic chemicals; supports biodiversity and local resources.
Promoting Millets in Telangana
TELANGANA · ZAHEERABAD, AROUND 2000
1
The shift
The Green Revolution promoted rice and wheat, which also dominated the PDS. Demand for local grains fell and some dryland was left uncultivated.
2
Women speak up
Women in Zaheerabad mandal worried about lost food cultures and growing dependence on bought rice and wheat.
3
Collective action
With the Deccan Development Society, villagers farmed fallow and common land, choosing millets suited to the local environment.
Why Millets? An Alternate PDS
TELANGANA · ZAHEERABAD
Why millets?
Alternate PDS
The community set up a grain bank on the basic PDS principle, using locally produced grain to meet village food needs.
Locally grown millets and community management, instead of rice and wheat brought from elsewhere.
Thank You
Prepared By T.Srinivas Reddy,S.A S.S ZPHS Appajipeta,(M)&(D):Nalgonda.Cellno :9494443332.