Unit – 1

Microprocessor �& �Computer Organization

TOPICS

• What is a Computer?
• Introduction to computer Hardware
• Internal device of CPU
• Motherboard
• Processor
• Memory
• Sound Card, Network Card
• Assembly of computer (Hands On)

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What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to a set of instructions called a program. It performs tasks such as calculations, data processing, and automated reasoning. The main components of a computer include:

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Introduction to computer Hardware

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The Computer has mainly has two major components:

• Hardware
• Software

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Computer Hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. These tangible parts are essential for the computer to function and perform various tasks.

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Hardware Component are divided into following categories:

• Input Devices
• Processing Devices
• Output Device
• Storage Device

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Computer Parts Name

Introduction to computer Hardware

WHAT IS INSIDE THE CABINET?

MOTHERBOARD

• A motherboard is the main circuit board in a computer.

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• It acts as the central hub that connects all the components of the computer, allowing them to communicate and work together.

Types of Motherboard

Mini ITX

Micro ATX

ATX (Advanced Technology

eXtended)

EATX (Extended ATX)

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

CPU SLOT/Socket

• The CPU slot on a motherboard is where the central processing unit (CPU) is installed.

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• It's a specialized socket designed to hold the CPU securely in place and provide the necessary electrical connections for it to function.

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• The slot is usually located near the center of the motherboard, and its design depends on the specific CPU socket type supported by the motherboard.

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

• A RAM slot on a motherboard is a physical slot where you can insert a memory module (RAM stick).

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• It allows the CPU to access data quickly for processing. Each slot corresponds to a specific type of RAM, such as DDR4.

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• The number of slots determines the maximum amount of RAM your motherboard can support. Upgrading RAM often involves inserting new modules into these slots.

RAM SLOT

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

PCI SLOT

• A PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) slot on a motherboard is a hardware interface used to connect peripheral devices such as graphics cards, network cards, and sound cards.

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• It provides a standardized way for these components to communicate with the CPU and other parts of the computer. PCI slots come in various sizes and speeds, with PCI Express (PCIe) being the most common modern variant, offering faster data transfer rates. The slot ensures expandable functionality and improved performance for the system.

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

• An Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a point to point channel that is used for high-speed video output.

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• This port is used to connect graphic cards to a computer’s motherboard. It increases the speed at which machines can render graphics while using the system’s resources more efficiently. The primary purpose of an AGP is to convey 3-D images much more smoothly than is possible on a regular PC.

AGP SLOT

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

• SATA (Serial ATA) is a computer interface standard that allows for the transfer of data between storage devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives, and a computer’s motherboard.

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• It is the primary interface used for connecting internal storage devices to modern computers.

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• SATA replaced the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard, which had limitations in terms of data transfer speed and cable length.

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• SATA was developed to provide faster and more efficient data transfer, improved signal integrity, and smaller, more manageable cables.

SATA SLOT

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

IDE controller SLOT

MOTHERBOARD SLOTS

IDE controller SLOT

• IDE is a widely used interface standard in computing that allows for the connection and communication between a computer's motherboard and its storage devices.

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• It is commonly used for connecting hard disk drives (HDDs) and optical disc drives (ODDs) to the computer system.

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• IDE has played a significant role in the evolution of computer storage, offering a simple and efficient way to interface with various drives.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

• CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) on a motherboard refers to a small memory chip that stores BIOS settings.

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• It keeps information like system time, date, and hardware configuration.

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• CMOS is powered by a small battery, so it retains data even when the computer is off.

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• It's essential for the computer's startup process.

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• If the battery dies, you might lose these settings and need to reconfigure them.

CMOS

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

PS2 PORT

• The PS/2 port is an older type of connector used for connecting keyboards and mouse to a computer motherboard.

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• It was introduced by IBM in 1987 as part of the Personal System/2 series. The port is round with 6 pins and typically color-coded: purple for keyboards and green for mouse.

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• While largely replaced by USB ports in modern systems, PS/2 ports can still be found on some motherboards for legacy support.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

USB PORT

• A USB port on a motherboard is a connection interface that allows peripheral devices to communicate with the computer.

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• It facilitates data transfer and power supply between the computer and devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, and storage devices.

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• The motherboard typically includes several USB ports of various types (e.g., USB 2.0, USB 3.0) for different speed and functionality requirements.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

PARALLEL PORT

• A parallel port is a computer interface that connects devices for data transfer.

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• It's commonly found on older computers and is used to connect peripherals like printers, scanners, and external storage devices.

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• The port is called parallel because it transfers multiple bits of data simultaneously through multiple wires that are organized in parallel, or side by side.

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• Each wire carries a separate bit of information.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

MOTHERBOARD AUDIO PORTS

• Line-out: Outputs audio from the computer to external devices like speakers or headphones.

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• Line-in: Inputs audio from external sources (e.g., CD players, musical instruments) into the computer.

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• Mic-in: Specifically designed for connecting microphones to input voice or sound into the computer.

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• Line-out: Usually green in color on motherboards.
• Line-in: Typically blue in color on motherboards.
• Mic-in: Often pink in color on motherboards.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

SERIAL PORT

• A serial port on a motherboard is a communication interface used to connect peripheral devices, such as modems, mice, and certain industrial equipment.

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• It transmits data one bit at a time over a single channel, which can help reduce the complexity and cost of wiring.

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• Despite being largely replaced by USB ports in modern computers, serial ports are still used in some specialized applications.

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• They are identified by a 9-pin (DE-9) or 25-pin (DB-25) connector.

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• Their simplicity and reliability make them suitable for industrial and networking tasks.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

VGA PORT

• A VGA port on a motherboard is an analog interface used to connect a computer to a monitor.

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• It transmits video signals, enabling the display of graphics on the screen.

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• VGA ports are typically 15-pin connectors and support resolutions up to 640x480 pixels.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

HDMI PORT

• An HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) port on a motherboard enables connection to monitors, TVs, or projectors for high-definition video and audio output.

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• It transmits uncompressed digital signals for high-quality display and sound.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

GAME PORT

• The Game Port is a 15-pin D-sub connector on older motherboards for connecting joysticks and game controllers.

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• It also supported MIDI devices. Popular in the 1980s-2000s, it has been replaced by USB technology.

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• The Game Port is now obsolete. Modern peripherals use USB or wireless connections.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

ETHERNET PORT

• An Ethernet port on a motherboard is a network interface for connecting a computer to a wired local area network (LAN).

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• It enables high-speed data transfer and internet access through an Ethernet cable.

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• Typically, it supports speeds of 10/100/1000 Mbps (megabits per second).

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• The port is often integrated directly into the motherboard and managed by an onboard network interface controller (NIC).

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• It provides a stable and reliable network connection.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

• An RJ45 connector is a small, rectangular plug used to connect network cables to devices.

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• It has 8 pins that connect to 8 individual wires inside the network cable.

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• Commonly used for Ethernet connections, linking computers to networks and the internet.

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• There are two main wiring standards for RJ45 connectors: T568A and T568B.

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• Looks like a bigger phone jack and usually has a plastic clip to hold it securely in place.

MOTHERBOARD PORTS

• A SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) port on a motherboard connects the computer to peripheral devices like hard drives and scanners.

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• It supports faster data transfer rates compared to older ports. SCSI allows multiple devices to be connected in a daisy chain.

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• It is commonly used in high-performance workstations and servers. Today, SCSI is less common, replaced by SATA and USB interfaces.

SCSI PORT

MOTHERBOARD – BACK PANEL

Motherboard Chipset

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJn-qPHtfzI

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MICROPROCESSOR

• A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that is typically contained on a single integrated circuit (IC) or microchip.

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• It performs the essential tasks of a computer, such as executing instructions from programs, performing arithmetic and logical operations, and controlling input/output operations.

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• Essentially, the microprocessor is the brain of the computer, interpreting and executing commands from the computer's hardware and software.

MICROPROCESSOR

Types of Processor

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

1. Single-core CPU(1)

• It is the oldest type of CPU which is available and employed in most of the personal and official computers.
• The single-core CPU can execute only one command at a time and its not efficient in multi-tasking.
• It signifies that there is a markable declination in performance if more than a single application is executed. If one operation is started, the second process should wait until the first one is finished.
• The performance of a single-core CPU is based on its clock speed by measuring its power.

Types of Processor

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

2. Dual-core CPU(2)

• It is a single CPU that comprises of two strong cores and functions like dual CPU acting like one.
• Unlike the CPU with a single core, the processor must switch back and forth within a variable array of data streams and if or more thread is executed, the dual-core CPU manages the multitasking effectively.
• To utilize the dual-core CPU effectively, the running programs and operating system should have a unique code called simultaneous multi-threading technology embedded in it.
• Dual-core CPU is rapid than a single core but it is not robust as quad-core CPU

Types of Processor

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

3. Quad-core CPU(4)

• The quad-core CPU is a refined model of multiple core CPU features and design with four cores on a single CPU.
• Similar to dual-core CPU, that divides the workload in between the cores, and quad-core enables for effective multitasking.
• It doesn’t signify any single operation which is four times faster rapid than others.
• Such types of CPU are used in people who need to execute multiple different programs at the same time as gamers, series of supreme commander that is optimized in multiple core CPU.

Types of Processor

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

4. Hexa Core processors(6)

• It is another multiple core processor which is available with six cores and can execute the task which works rapidly than the quad-core and dual-core processors.
• For users of the personal computer, the processors of Hexacore is simple and now the Intel is launched with Inter core i7 in 2010 with Hexa core processor.
• But here the users of smartphones use only quad-core and dual-core processors.
• Nowadays, smartphones are available with Hexacore processors.

Types of Processor

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

5. Octa-core processors (8)

• The dual-core is built with two cores, four cores are built-in quad-core, Hexa comes with six cores where the octa processors are developed with eight independent cores to execute an effective task that is efficient and even acts rapidly than quad-core processors.
• Trending octa-core processors comprises of a dual set of quad-core processors that divides different activities between the various types.
• Many times, the minimum powered core sets are employed to produce advanced tasks
• In precise, the octa-core is perfectly defined with dual-code core and adjust it accordingly to give the effective performance.

Types of Processor

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

6. Deca-core processor (10)

• The processor with double core comprises two cores, 4 cores are available with quad cores, six cores are available in hexacore processors.
• Deca-core is available with ten independent systems that are deployed to execute and manage the task that is successful than other processors that are developed until now.
• Owning a PC, or any device made with a deca-core processor is the best option.
• It is faster than other processors and very successful in multi-tasking.
• Deca-core processors are trending with its advanced features.
• Most of the smartphones are now available with Deca core processors with low-cost and never become outdated.
• Surely, most gadgets in the market are updated with new processors to give more useful purposes to people.

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Memory

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Computer memory is just like the human brain.

It is used to store data/information and instructions.

RAM

• RAM, or random access memory, is a computer's short-term memory that stores data that the processor needs to run applications and open files.

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• It's a fundamental component of a computer system, and is included in all computing devices, including desktop computers, tablets, smartphones, and IoT devices.

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

RAM (Random Access Memory)

It is a volatile memory. Volatile memory stores information based on the power supply.

RAM is used for booting up or start the computer.

RAM is of two types:

S RAM (Static RAM): It uses transistors and the circuits of this memory are capable of retaining their state as long as the power is applied. This memory consists of the number of flip flops with each flip flop storing 1 bit. It has less access time and hence, it is faster.

D RAM (Dynamic RAM): It uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a charge on the capacitors. They contain thousands of memory cells. It needs refreshing of charge on capacitor after a few milliseconds. This memory is slower than S RAM.

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RAM

Types of D - RAM

9/15/2022 U & P U. Patel Department of Computer Engineering

RAM speed is generally measured in megahertz, usually abbreviated as “Mhz.”

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This is a measure of the clock speed

(how many times per second the RAM can access its memory)

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Mega-Transfers (MT) per second.

Ex. DDR4-2400 means 2400 MT/s

ROM

• ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.

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• The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap.

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• ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.

Storage Devices

• A hard disk is also known as a hard drive or fixed disk.

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• It is said to be rigid magnetic disc that stores data.

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• It is located within a drive unit.

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• Hard disk is a non-volatile storage device that contains platters and magnetic disks rotating at high speeds.

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• Non-volatile means the data retains when the computer shuts down.

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Hard Disk

Storage Devices

• SSD stands for Solid State Drive. It's a type of storage device used in computers and other devices to store data.

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• Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) which use spinning disks and a mechanical arm to read and write data, SSDs use flash memory, which makes them faster and more reliable.

SOLID STATE DRIVE

Storage Devices

Flash storage devices

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• Flash storage devices are solid-state storage solutions that use flash memory to store data. Unlike traditional hard drives, flash storage has no moving parts, making it faster, more durable, and energy-efficient.

Storage Devices

• A pen drive, also known as a USB flash drive, thumb drive, or memory stick, is a small, portable device that plugs into a computer's USB port to store and transfer data.

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• Pen drives are rewritable, removable, and usually weigh less than 30 grams.

• A memory card, also known as a flash card, is a portable storage device that stores and transfers digital data such as photos, videos, music, and documents.

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• Memory cards are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, smartphones, tablets, gaming consoles, drones, and security cameras.

Storage Devices

SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY

Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is a type of power supply commonly used in computers. It converts AC voltage to DC voltage efficiently, reducing energy waste. SMPS uses high-frequency switching to regulate output voltage, making it compact and lightweight. It provides multiple DC output voltages required by different computer components. SMPS also includes safety features like overvoltage and overcurrent protection.

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SOUND CARD

A sound card, also known as an audio card, is a hardware component that enables a computer to produce sound and process audio signals. Here are Five important points about sound cards:

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• Audio Output: Sound cards provide audio output capabilities, allowing you to hear sound from your computer, including music, videos, and system sounds.

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• Audio Input: They also have audio input ports for connecting microphones and other audio input devices, enabling you to record audio on your computer.

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• Sound Quality: Sound cards can improve the sound quality of your computer's audio output, providing clearer and more immersive audio experiences, especially for gamers and multimedia enthusiasts.

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• Hardware Acceleration: Some sound cards include hardware acceleration features, offloading audio processing tasks from the CPU, which can improve overall system performance, particularly in gaming and multimedia applications.

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SOUND CARD

• Connectivity: Sound cards offer various connectivity options, such as analog, digital, and MIDI ports, allowing you to connect a wide range of audio devices to your computer, including speakers, headphones, and musical instruments.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

Network Interface Card (NIC):

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A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a network, enabling it to communicate with other devices.

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Uses of NIC:

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• Network Connectivity: NICs enable devices to connect to both wired and wireless networks, facilitating communication and data transfer.

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• Internet Access: They provide the necessary interface for computers to access the internet through a network connection.

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• Data Transmission: NICs handle the sending and receiving of data packets, ensuring efficient communication within a network.

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NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

• Performance Enhancement: High-quality NICs can improve network performance by reducing latency and increasing data transfer speeds, beneficial for tasks like gaming and video streaming.

NETWORK INTERFACE CARD

Network Interface Cards (NICs) are also known as LAN cards or network cards, and they can be categorized by how they connect to a network:

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• Wired

NICs that use input jacks for cables, such as Ethernet NICs, which use copper cables.

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• Wireless

NICs that use radio waves and an antenna to connect to a network, such as Wi-Fi connections.

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• USB

NICs that connect to a network through a device plugged into a USB port.

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• Fiber optics

NICs that use fiber optic cables to support network traffic on server computers. Fiber optic NICs are

often more expensive and complex than other types.

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NETWORK INTERFACE CARD