https://bit.ly/monimuotoisuuttapeltoon

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Annika Michelson

HAMK

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Diversity to Fields

Bromus secalinus and "root rye"

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(Wikipedia, 2022)

(Michelson, 2005)

Bromus secalinus

Root rye

(Secale cereale)

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(Helsingin yliopisto, 2022)

(Hamk, 2022)

Arceophyte, relict plant (muinaistulokas) (Laji.fi, 2022)

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Hanhenkaura

(Geese oats)

Karhunkaura

(Bear oats)

Ihmiskattara

(Human brome)

Hiirenruis

Hiirenkaura

(Mouse rye

Mouse oats)

Kurenkaura

(Crane oats)

(Kotimaisten Kielten Keskus, 2022; Michelson, 2022)

A plant with several names!

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Kastari

Kattari

Kasperi

Kasteri

Hiireruis

Hiirreruis

Luste

Kastarsuo, Kastalammi, Kastarinvuori, Kastarinlahti, Kastari farms,

Kastari village. In Russian kостёр /kostër (pronounced kastjer) = campfire

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(Reinholm, 1850)

In Russia it was also believed that rye can change into Bromus secalinus (UniversityAgro.ru, 2022)

-> if you grow many years rye on the same spot Bromus secalinus can take over the field (Brant, 2022)

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• jyväheinä, (seed hey) Bromus secalinus. Lemi
• sitä oli (pelloissa) sitä hanahenkauraa, lustetta. (it was in the field the geese oat) Himanka
• Ompaan ruk̆kiissa kasper̆rii! (there is a lot of kasperii in the rye) Polvijärvi
• Kasperheinä, kattara. (kaspar hey) Liperi
• Kasperruis, kattara. (kasper rye) Kitee
• ompas siin kastarii! (there is a lot of kastarii) Kurkijoki
• kàorahèinä, Bromus secalinus, ruiskattara. (oat hey) Utajärvi
• se on oikeen (viljan) siämenesä (= siemenien joukossa), kun sanòtaal lusteeks. (there is a lot of seeds, that is called luste) Kauvatsa
• se haittaa rullallen astis se lustek kun sitä jää pellovaathen. (it harms when it stays in the field) Alahärmä

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Viljelyyn liittyen

• Puinnin ääntä matkitaan: ”Taskentti, taskentti, lustusta puijaan.” (copying the voice of treshin) Kivijärvi
• ko (ruis) – – hitahastik kasuvaa niin sillon se ottaa sitä lustusta, (if it grows slowely luste is developing) Himanka
• Tähkä lusteessa or rukiin näköstä eikä sej jyvis oles syräntä. (luste looks like rye and it does not set aside it) Parkano
• sitä kasvaa rukkees kattaraa, kons on märkä syksy. (it grows in the field if the autumn is wet) Tuuteri
• se (ruis) rupi otta lustet jos sem myähään niitti. (rye takes luste if it is harvested late) Vihti

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Syömiseen, leipään liittyvää

• hyvɛ̀ kastar (= syöjä, maistaja) hɛ olì (pidoissa), maìstas ja pyhè partas. (good eater) Sauvo
• se tullee niim mustaakis se – – lusteinel leìpä, sellaisesta viljasta valmistettu leipä, jossa on lustetta joukossa. (it becomes so black, luste bread -- luste bread made of such grain that had luste in it) Vampula
• tullee niin kahìsevaa leìpää että se oìkeen hampaisa kirskuu ko ol lustetta viljan joukossa. (it is such rustling bread that it screams in the thoots if there is luste in the grain) Vampula

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Terävä työkalu

• pensaiden tms. perkaamiseen käytettävä vahvateräinen kuokkamainen väline, perkauskuokka. - Tämäl lustin ukkovaari teki tuolla pajassa. (a sharp tool used to cut bushes. This lusti vas made by my grandtather in the machinery building) Vaala

(Kotimaisten kielten keskus, .2022)

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From neolithicum to the bronze age -> 1950 century

Rye brome "Polvijärvi" sown spring 2022

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Rye brome "Polvijärvi" 15.10.2022

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(Wikipedia: Костёр ржаной 2022)

"Grain at the campfire", referes to the swidden agriculture. Bromus mollis can sustain 93 ⁰ C.

Climate change, a grain that can bear fires?

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Features

• Spelt brome is bigger than rye brome. It was a common plant in spelt fields in ancient times and is now rarer than rye brome.
• Spelt brome 1000 grain weight is 22,3 g.
• Rye brome has been 15 g / 1000 grains. Usually rye brome is lighter than spelt brome.
• German spelt brome has been 16 g/1000 grans. Some german, danish and russian rye brome has been only 6-7 g/ 1000 grains. Rye brome thousand grain weight has generally been 10 g and this should be grown. (Lindström, 2022b; UniveristyAgro.ru, 2022)
• 800-6000 seeds from one rye brome plant (Longe, 2007; UniversityAgro.ru, 2022)
• Spreads during wet winters, in wet fields and tolerate better bad winter weather than rye (UniversityAgro.ru, 2022)

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Energy content

Source: Lars Lindström, 2022a

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Beer from Lithuania and vodka from Estonia

• "Keptinis" beer from rye brome in Lithuania (Larsblog, 2015)
• Swedish miniority in Estonia wrote: "Somethimes during the autumn it was made rye brome malt from coars rye brome ("lustmalt") and rye or autumn wheat grains. Some said that it was good, others bad. It depended how much it was added other grains to the beer" (Isberg, 1938)
• In Estonia it was called "karukaer'aksi" (bear oats) and there was made vodka of it in old days. (Folklore.ee, 2022)
• Flowers gives a nice green color (Folklore.ee, 2022); blue color (Brant, 2022)
• Bread of rye brome dry easily (UniversityAgro.ru, 2022)
• Can make porrige or use as oat flour to make a jelly porrige (UniversityAgro.ru, 2022) -> high betaglucan levels that binds well water (Lindström, 2022)
• Sheglov (1828) writes that bread of rye brome is dangerouse -> gives sympthoms of being drunk and can lead to fainting
• "Rye brome makes rye taste better" (Paavilainen)

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Photos: Lars Lindström

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Photos: Lars Lindström

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Per Martin Tvengsberg (26.7.1936 -15.3.2019)

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worked at Hamari museum, Hamar city in Norway as a building expert when he in 1973 took down an old barn in Grue municipal and found 10 grains rye. When growingthem in Hamar museum garden 7 sprouted. The barn had last been used in 1880'ies. One bush gave 62 straws, they were 2-3 meters high and one spike gave 75 seeds.

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Cecilie Jensen stand beside the swidden rye beside the Catherdral ruins in Hamar museum. First yield was very large, Tvengsberg counted that from half a kg you could get 6,000 kg, but after that it started slowely to decline and giving less and less grains. Rye is cross pollinated and needs some other rye pollination in order to stay healthy.

Photo: Per Martin Tvengsberg

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Finns moved to Norway several times during the mideavel time. They did slash-and-burn and grow rye and rutabaga there. The map shows how slas-and-burn growing was developing during 1500-, 1600- ja 1700-ies. (Tvengsberg, 2010).

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Per Martin Tvengsbergs ancestors came from Hankasalmi in Finland.

1500

1600

1700

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Growing way:

• Root rye (Juureisruis): In huuhta (slash-and-burn from old spruce forest) was sown a special rye that sprouts a lot (juureinen) (in swedish Skafft Rogh or Root Rogh), where from one seed grow several tens of straws (Jokipii, 1961)

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Place:

• Slash-and-burn rye, small seeds
• Field rye, larger seeds

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According to time sown:

• Spring rye
• Slash-and-burn rye (later called midsummer rye)
• Autumn rye
• Frost rye

Different types of rye

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Tvengsberg's found rye was registered as conservation variety in Norway 22.2.2012 . Tvengsberg was grown at EVIRA field trials in 2017-2018 and in 21.12.2018 it was registered as conservation variety also in Finland with the name Mustialan Tvengsberg. Tvengsberg seeds are of different colors.

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Kuva: Per Martin Tvengsberg

Growing root rye

• Tvengsberg is best sown as the last plant in May or in the begining of June.
• Traditionally it was said to be sown before the last rain before midsummer (48h before the rain before midsummer).
• It was cut and the grass was given as fodder for the animals or it was grazed during the autumn by sheep.
• Can nowadays be used as cover crop or catch crop.
• It gives a much better yield next year autumn if it is sown in the spring than if it is sown in the autumn.

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Mustialan Tvengsberg root rye in Mustialassa 2017 Photo. Annika Michelson

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Photo: Annika Michelson

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Photo: Per Martin Tvengsberg

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Photo: Annika Michelson

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Kuva: Per Martin Tvengsberg

Mustialan Tvengsberg root rye august 2022, Nokkamäki, Smoke sauna field plot. Video. Annika Michelson

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Kuva: Per Martin Tvengsberg

There is strength in root rye

(Michelson & Raiskio & Raiskio, 2021)

* Fodder analysis carried out by Valio Finland 29.10.2019

** Grain analyse carried out by Eurofins 10.11.2021 FV (a) SFS-EN 15510:2017

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Kuva: Per Martin Tvengsberg

(Michelson & Raiskio & Raiskio, 2021)

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Kuva: Per Martin Tvengsberg

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Norway

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Denmark

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Sweden

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Sources

• UniveristyAgro.ru. Bromus secalinus. Haettu 7.11.2022
• Brant, Daniil. 7.11.2022 sähköinen keskustelu
• Folklore.ee: Rahvapärased taimenimetused: Luste 2.11.2022
• Helsingin yliopisto. Luonnontieteellinen museo. Kasviatlas: Ruiskattara 12.10.2022
• Hämeen ammattikorkeakoulu: Ruiskattara. Mustialan vanha opetusmateriaalikokoelma, opetusjuliste
• IIsberg, Fridolf (1938): Humleodling och brygd. Landsmåls- och Folkminnesarkivet Uppsala. 48 bl.4:o 14.9.1938 Estland Nuckö, Klottorp, Sutleps kommun.
• Kotimaisten kielten keskus: Suomen murteiden sanakirja 13.10.2022
• Kotimaisten kielten keskus: Suomen etymologinen sanakirja 3.11.2022
• Laji.fi: Ruiskattara 3.11.2022
• Larsblog: Keptinis, Lithuanian baked beer 20.4.2015.
• Jokipii, Mauno (1961): Kaskenpoltosta ja kydönvilijelyksestä Satakunnassa ennen isovihaa Kirjassa Satakunta. Kotiseututukimuksia XVII. (Toim. Jokipii, Mauno et al.) Vammala.
• Leino, Matti. Suullinen tieto.
• Lindström, Lars (2022a): Råglostans näringsinnehåll 21.2.2022 Facebook; 7.11.2022 keskustelu..
• Lindström, Lars (2022b): Sähköisiä keskusteluja, 2022, ei julkaistu.
• Longe, Angelika (2007): Haruldaste ja tavaliste umborhtude levik Kihnu saare teraviljapõldudel. Magistritöö. Tartu Ülikool, Boloogia-geograafiateaduskond, Botaanika ja ökoloogia institut.
• Lönnrot, Elias (1860): Flora Fennica. Suomen kasvisto. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Helsinki.
• Michelson, Annika; Raiskio, Sakari & Raiskio, Kirsi (2021): Mineral Content in Finnish Heritage Rye, Annika Michelson, Hamk; Sakari & Kirsi Raiskio, Luke Recording 28 min.
• Paavilainen. Alkuperäisrukiin kuvaukseta kirjoitettu. EVIRA
• Päästäjäiset, torstai 24. heinäkuuta 2014 HEINÄT.
• Reinholm, H.A (1850): Suomalaisia kasvu-nimejä. Finska Litteratur-Sällskapets förlag (1850). Suomi, Tidskrift i fosterländska ämnen. Helsingfors
• Sunila, J.E (1899): Suomen rikkaruohot ja neuvoja niiden hävittämiseen. Stafs Adolf von Postin mukaan. Helsingissä Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. Kuopio.
• Svensson, Roger & Wigren, Marita (1985): Råglostans historia och biologi i Sverige i Svensk botanisk tidskrift 79.
• The Decolonial Atlas, 2016. Origins of Agricultural Crops
• Tvengsberg, Per Martin. Varangu Estate, Estonia. Discussions 2000 - 2019.
• Tvengsberg, Per Martin (2010): Svedjebruk. Norsk Skogfinsk Museum. Grue Finnskog 2010. ISBN 978-82-93036-00-5
• Tvengsberg, Per Martin (1995): "Swidden cultivation. Tillage without tools" in Minor uralic languages: grammar and lexis. Edited by Ago Künnap. University of Tartu, University of Groningen. Tartu-Groningen 1995. ISBN 9985-60-206-4
• Wikipedia: Bromus secalinus Kurt Stüber caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/mavica/index.html part of www.biolib.de 13.10.2022
• Wikipedia: Костёр ржаной 14.10.2022

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Diversity to Fields -project

Diversity to Fields (MoPe) project is a 3 year (2021-2023) development project.

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The project looks for solutions to get more diversity into grain cultivation in Finland by using heritage seeds and old commercial sorts.

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The project is financed by the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.

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