Chapter 21

Lesson 3

A Changing Culture

Expanding Education

• 1865 - Americans went to school for only 4 years
• Education increasingly important to success
• By 1914 most states required schooling
• 80% of children 5-17 were enrolled in school

Changes in Public Schools

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• 100 high schools in 1860
• 12,000 high schools in 1914
• Boys oftentimes went to work
• Most students were girls
• Black schools were segregated in many parts of the country
• In South, most blacks received no schooling

Progressive Education

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• Around 1900, new educational philosophy - Progressive education
• John Dewey - Learn by doing
• Group Learning
• Projects
• Vocationally directed

John Dewey

Colleges and Universities

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• 1862 - Morrill Act-Land-Grant Colleges
• Gave land to states to sell
• 1865 - Few colleges admitted women
• Land-grant schools did
• All women’s colleges - Vassar, Smith, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr
• Black Colleges - Howard, Hampton

Colleges and

Universities (Cont.)

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• Booker T. Washington
• Hampton Student, educator
• Founded Tuskegee Institute
• George Washington Carver
• Joined Tuskegee faculty
• Research changed Agriculture - Peanut
• Reservation schools
• Provided useful training but cut off from traditions

Booker T. Washington

A Nation of Readers

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• More education - increased interest in reading
• 1881-Andrew Carnegie said he would build a library in every city that would run it.
• Every state established free public libraries

Andrew Carnegie

Literature Reflects

American Life

• Realism - new literature genre
• Ordinary people
• Regionalism - Area of country
• Mark Twain was both
• Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer
• Stephen Crane, Edith Wharton, Jack London
• Paul Dunbar - son of slaves
• Low priced paperbacks

Mark Twain

Extra! Extra!

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• New invention in printing and papermaking - Daily newspapers.
• Newspapers doubled in 20 years
• 1883-Joseph Pulitzer bought New York World
• Invented new type of journalism - sensationalism

Joseph Pulitzer

Extra! Extra! (Cont.)

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• Other newspaper copied
• William Randolph Hearst
• World
• Reporters exaggerated,
• Shock value
• Yellow journalism
• Ethnic and minority papers
• 5,000 magazines nationwide

William Randolph Hearst

Leisure and the Arts

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• Economic prosperity allowed for more leisure
• Factory work left people with hours to fill
• Developed new ways to have fun
• Sports, art, music, etc.

Sports Grows in Popularity

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• Spectator sports grew in popularity
• Baseball most popular
• First World Series-1903
• Rugby, football
• Naismith invents basketball
• Popular beginning 1890s
• Wealthy played tennis, golf
• Bicycle riding

James Naismith

Vaudeville and Movies

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• Lage cities had many theaters
• Shakespeare, vaudeville
• U.S. had 80 travelling circus’
• Edison invented “moving pictures” in 1880s
• “Movies” became popular
• Nickelodeons

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American Artists

and Musicians

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• Most American art and music had imitated Europe
• After Civil War, became distinctly American
• Frederick Remington
• Portrayed life in the American West

American Artists

and Musicians (Cont.)

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• Winslow Homer
• Painted Southern Farmers
• Campers, stormy scenes
• James Whistler
• Arrangement in Grey and Black or Whistler’s Mother

Whistler’s Mother

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The Blue Boat by Winslow Homer

American Artists

and Musicians (Cont.)

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• American music popularizing
• John Philip Souza
• Patriotic music
• Jazz combined gospel, spirituals, African rhythms
• Spread nationwide
• Ragtime
• Symphonies in New York, Boston, Philadelphia among best in world