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www.mathmethod.net

EVALUATE

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

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Objectives

  • Recognize and evaluate polynomial functions.
  • Use a polynomial function to model data.
  • Add and subtract polynomial functions.
  • Graph basic polynomial functions.

2

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Definition of a Polynomial Function

Polynomial Function

A polynomial function of degree n is defined by

f (x) = an xn + an – 1 xn – 1 + · · · + a1 x + a0 ,

for real numbers an,an – 1, . . . , a1, and a0 , where an ≠ 0 and n is a whole

number.

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EXAMPLE 1

Evaluating Polynomial Functions

Let f(x) = 4x3 – 5x2 + 7. Find each value.

(a) f(2)

f(x) = 4x3 – 5x2 + 7

f(2) = 4 • 23 5 • 22 + 7

= 4 • 8 – 5 • 4 + 7

= 32 20 + 7

= 19

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EXAMPLE 1

Evaluating Polynomial Functions

Let f(x) = 4x3 – 5x2 + 7. Find each value.

(b) f(–3)

f(x) = 4x3 – 5x2 + 7

f(–3) = 4 • (–3)3 5 • (–3)2 + 7

= 4 • (–27) – 5 • 9 + 7

= –108 45 + 7

= –146

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6

Functions

While f is the most common letter used to represent functions, recall that

other letters such as g and h are also used. The capital letter P is often used

for polynomial functions.

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EXAMPLE 2

Using a Polynomial Model to Approximate Data

The number of U.S. households estimated to see and pay at least one bill

on-line each month during the years 2000 through 2006 can be modeled by

the polynomial function defined by

P(x) = 0.808x2 + 2.625x + 0.502,

where x = 0 corresponds to the year 2000, x = 1 corresponds to 2001, and

so on, and P(x) is in millions. Use this function to approximate the number

of households expected to pay at least one bill on-line each month in 2006.

Since x = 6 corresponds to 2006, we must find P(6).

P(x) = 0.808x2 + 2.625x + 0.502

P(6) = 0.808(6)2 + 2.625(6) + 0.502

= 45.34

Thus, in 2006 about 45.34 million households are expected to pay at least

one bill on-line each month.

Let x = 6.

Evaluate.

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Adding and Subtracting Functions

Adding and Subtracting Functions

If f(x) and g(x) define functions, then�

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g(x) Sum function

and (f g) (x) = f (x) – g(x). Difference function

In each case, the domain of the new function is the intersection of the

domains of f(x) and g(x).

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EXAMPLE 3

Adding and Subtracting Functions

For the polynomial functions defined by

f(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 4 and g(x) = x2 + 9x 5,

find (a) the sum and (b) the difference.

(a) (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g(x) Use the definition.

= (2x2 – 3x + 4) + (x2 + 9x – 5) Substitute.

= 3x2 + 6x – 1 Add the polynomials.

(b) (f – g) (x) = f (x) g(x) Use the definition.

= (2x2 – 3x + 4) – (x2 + 9x – 5) Substitute.

= (2x2 – 3x + 4) + (x2 – 9x + 5) Change subtraction

to addition.

= x2 12x + 9 Add.

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EXAMPLE 4

Adding and Subtracting Functions

For the polynomial functions defined by

f(x) = 4x2x and g(x) = 3x,

find each of the following.

(a) (f + g) (5)

(f + g) (5) = f (5) + g(5) Use the definition.

= [4(5)25] + 3(5) Substitute.

= 110

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11

Sec 6.3 - 11

EXAMPLE 4

Adding and Subtracting Functions

For the polynomial functions defined by

f(x) = 4x2x and g(x) = 3x,

find each of the following.

(b) (f g) (x) and (f g) (3)

(f g) (x) = f (x)g(x) Use the definition.

= (4x2x) 3x Substitute.

= 4x2 – 4x Combine like terms.

Then,

(f g) (3) = 4(3)2 – 4(3) = 24. Substitute.

Confirm that f (3) – g(3) gives the same result.

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The simplest polynomial function is the Linear function, defined by f(x) = x.

x

y

x

f(x) = x

–2

–1

0

1

2

–2

–1

0

1

2

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The Quadratic function, is defined by f(x) = x2.

x

y

x

f(x) = x2

–2

–1

0

1

2

4

1

0

1

4

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The cubic function, is defined by f(x) = x3.

x

y

x

f(x) = x3

–2

–1

0

1

2

–8

–1

0

1

8

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EXAMPLE 5

x

f(x) = –2x

Graphing Linear Function

Graph the function by creating a table of ordered pairs. Give the domain and the range of

the function by observing the graph.

(a) f(x) = –2x.

x

y

–2

–1

0

1

2

4

2

0

–2

–4

Domain

Range

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EXAMPLE 5

x

f(x) = x2 – 2

Graphing Quadratic Function

Graph the function by creating a table of ordered pairs. Give the domain and

the range of the function by observing the graph.

(b) f(x) = x2 – 2.

x

y

–2

–1

0

1

2

2

–1

–2

–1

2

Domain

Range

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