FINANCIAL CRISIS
Major global events in the 21st century
Geopolitics and Military
WHAT IS "FINANCE"?
WHY DID THE� "FINANCIAL CRISIS" HAPPEN?
US FINANCIAL CRISIS: SUBPRIME MORTGAGE CRISIS
US FINANCIAL CRISIS: SUBPRIME MORTGAGE CRISIS
EUROPEAN FINANCIAL CRISIS: SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
EUROPEAN FINANCIAL CRISIS: SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS
THE IMPACT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS�THE TURNING POINT
VOCAB TIPS
IN YOUR OPINION
THE REAL WORLD
P.1/2
Hello everyone~ Today, we will discuss an important event in military and geopolitical affairs: the financial crisis. This incident was not as violent as a military war, but its impact and cruelty were even greater than those of war. As long as the word finance is used, everyone will understand that it has to do with our wealth, and the storm indicates that it will be quite serious and should not be treated lightly.
P.3
To put it simply, finance is really the study of managing money properly and safely. After all, what everyone really wants to see is someone become wealthy and continue to accumulate wealth!Since finance is a method or tool for dealing with money, of course it also has many products for money to invest, for example, you can put money in the bank, you can buy savings insurance, and you can buy a house. Or some people want to use money to buy stocks, gold, US dollars, Japanese yen, or even bonds, etc.
Financial markets are the collective term for the various financial goods listed above. Safety and stability have to be their top priorities, whether they are managers, investors, or operators in the financial markets.After all, it is related to everyone's wealth. No one wants their wealth to shrink.
P.4
Since the principle of dealing with financial markets is safety and stability, why does a financial crisis occur?
How to handle money must be done with the utmost caution, because everything involves risks.
Risk assessment plays a key role in the financial market, and the occurrence of the financial turmoil is actually a failure of risk assessment.
It was supposed to be the most thorough evaluation, but because of chance or speculation, it was disregarded, and the consequences were quite significant.
P.5
Let’s first look at the financial crisis that occurred in the United States in 2007 - the subprime mortgage crisis.
Do you know what a loan is? Simply put, it means borrowing money from the bank.
Naturally, though, a bank cannot lend exactly what it desires. The bank is required to provide collateral because, as a matter of course, it must assess the borrower's ability to repay the loan.
Take borrowing money from a bank to buy a house as an example; the house is the collateral. If the payment cannot be made, the bank will sell the house.Why did this very simple loan and guarantee relationship go into crisis? Because something happened to the collateral~
Please Relate To The Slides In The PowerPoint
P.6
The real estate mentioned earlier is collateral.
The world will truly be calm as long as the borrower can continue to repay the bank for the money. But frequently, things are too good to be true; people tend to overlook the fact that the devil is in the details and that, if they are not attentive, the boat might capsize.
The house is actually a low-risk collateral. Since the risk is low, it means that the chance of an accident is small. Even if an accident occurs, the bank should be able to bear it! When they are too confident, banks begin to design some financial products related to real estate guarantees, that is, turning these things into securities; in simple terms, Bank A sells these guarantees to Bank B, and Bank B Then sell it to Bank C, and then resell it layer by layer. The original low risk has actually become high risk, but no one thinks so. Until one day in 2007, someone could not pay the bank, and the bank found that the collateral had been sold by itself and could not take away the house. When this bank had problems, many banks also had the same or similar problems. , eventually got out of control, leading to the collapse of a bunch of banks, the most famous of which was Lehman Brothers. After declaring bankruptcy, its liabilities reached 613 billion U.S. dollars; an unimaginable astronomical figure.This is the financial crisis that happened in the United States~
P.7
After the financial crisis involving loans in the United States, there was also a financial crisis in some European countries in 2010, which was a sovereign debt crisis.The European debt crisis was brought on by nations borrowing money from abroad and then defaulting on those loans, whereas private bank loans were the source of the financial unrest in the United States.
The nation has to borrow money, and the normal way to do so is by issuing bonds. To put it simply, a bond buyer determines whether there is a risk by asking the borrower to disclose the loan amount, interest rate, and repayment schedule.Usually, this is determined by the nation's level of economic growth or by how well it has historically issued bonds.Then why do some countries have the problem of not paying back when their bonds mature? This is referred to as a debt default
P.8
The first problem to arise was Greece; then five countries including Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Portugal defaulted on their debts and were unable to repay their debts.
I know you're wondering why European nations struggle with debt. The better thing to ask is: For what purposes do these nations borrow money? When a nation borrows money to grow its economy and infrastructure, it will manage the borrowed funds responsibly, cutting out needless spending; it won't even engage in corruption; and because it will generate income, it will essentially be deemed capable of repaying the loan.
If the purpose of the country is to issue bonds and borrow money to repay the money borrowed before; the so-called issuance of new debt to repay old debts, or to use the borrowed money when it cannot make money for the country, then it will only be a matter of time before a debt default breaks out.
Due to improper use, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Portugal had debt defaults. Following the financial crisis, some claimed that these five countries' debts were The initial letters of English create PIIGS; these five countries are mocked with pigs.~
P.9
Due to the fact that these two financial crises in the US and Europe have created major turmoil throughout the world and that they cannot resolve on their own, they have invited several nations, including China, Russia, and others. Strongly economically capable nations gathered together to survive this disaster together. This group became the so-called G20!
However, the most significant effect this episode had on the world was that in response, both Europe and the United States "printed money," which had a very broad effect and even led to other issues. To put it briefly, the quantitative easing policy you may be familiar with is money printing.
I will introduce this financial measure again when I have the opportunity later on.
P.12
After the financial crisis, what did countries around the world learn from it?
Everyone will often become more diligent in their money management after experiencing financial difficulties, which is a positive development.
But the question is whether the various measures taken to deal with the problem in the first place will create new problems, just like the money printing mentioned earlier.
In essence, banknotes need to be tightly regulated and cannot be issued at will. Put simply, issuing too many banknotes will result in inflation and a loss of value.
Therefore, in the real world, we may first escape from a storm and then enter an unknown storm. The "Lehman moment" refers to the tipping point of the next financial crisis~