Shoulder

Elbow

Carpus(Knee)

Metacarpus

Hip

Stifle

Tarsus(hock)

Tarsus(hock)

Hip

Metatarsus

Metatarsus

Stifle

BONES OF THE PELVIC LIMB

BONES OF THE PELVIC LIMB

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• The pelvic girdle, or pelvis consists:
• Consists of two hip bones, which are united at the symphysis pelvis midventrally and join the sacrum dorsally.

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• Two hip bones (Os Coxae):

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• Each hip bone is formed by the fusion three primary bones and the addition of a fourth in early life (dog)

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• Ilium, which articulates with the sacrum.
• Ischium is the most caudal
• Pubis is located ventromedial to the Ilium and cranial to the large Obturator foramen.
• The small acetabular bone (present in carnivores)
• which helps form the acetabulum, is incorporated with the Ilium, Ischium, and pubis when they fuse (about the third month).

Os Coxae:

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1- The Ilium

It can be divided into:

wing

body

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The external or gluteal surface

The internal or sacropelvic surface

1- The ilium a flat bone presenting two surfaces and three borders.

The cranial border is arciform and usually roughened and is more commonly known as the iliac crest .

The rest of the ventral border is concave. It ends in the lateral area for the rectus femoris just cranial to the Acetabulum.

The dorsal border of the ilium is broad and massive.

The junction of the dorsal border with the

iliac crest forms an obtuse angle that is a rounded

prominence, the cranial dorsal iliac spine.

The external or gluteal surface of the

wing of the ilium is nearly flat caudally and concave

cranially, where it is limited by the iliac crest.

The dorsal part of this concave area is bounded by

a heavy ridge, the tuber sacrale.

The internal or sacropelvic surface of the wing of the ilium presents

a smooth, nearly flat area that provides attachment for the iliocostalis , longissimus, and the quadratus lumborum muscles.

The auricular surface is rough and articulates with a similar surface of the sacrum, forming the sacroiliac joint.

The arcuate line is located along the ventromedial edge of the sacropelvic surface of the body of the ilium and runs from the auricular surface to the iliopubic eminence Of the pubis.

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• 2- Ischium
• tuberosity
• body
• table
• Ramus

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• 3- The pubis
• body
• two rami.

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2. The ischium consistsof tuberosity, body, table, and ramus.

It forms the caudal part of the os coxae and enters into the formation of the acetabulum, obturator foramen, and symphysis pelvis.

Its caudal border consists of the ischiatic tuberosity lateral And one half of the ischiatic arch medially

The ischiatic tuberosity is the thick caudolateral margin of the bone.

The body of the ischium is the part lateral to the

obturator foramen.

The ischiatic spine is a rounded crest dorsal to the acetabulum, where the body of

the ischium meets the ilium.

The ramus of the ischium is the thin and wide medial part of the ischium. It is bounded laterally by the obturator foramen and blends caudally with the body of the ischium.

The ischiatic table is the flat portion where the ramus meets the body

The ischiatic arch is formed by the medial portion of the caudal border of each ischium.

3. The pubis extends from the ilium and ischium laterally to the symphysis medially and consists of a body and two rami.

The body is located cranial to the obturator Foramen.

The cranial ramus extends from the body to the ilium and enters into the formation of the acetabulum.

The caudal ramus fuses with the ischial

ramus at the middle of the pelvic symphysis.

The obturator sulcus, a groove

for the obturator nerve, is located at the cranial

end of the obturator foramen and passes dorsally

over the pelvic surface of the body of the bone.

The iliopubic eminence projects from the cranial

border of the cranial ramus of the pubic bone. The

pectineus attaches to it.

The pubic tubercle projects cranially from the pubis on the midline.

The circumference of the articular surface is broken at the caudomedial part by the acetabular notch.

The obturator foramen is closed in life by the

obturator membrane and the external and internal

obturator muscles that the membrane separates.

The acetabulum

• a cavity that receives the head of the femur.

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• Its articular surface is semilunar and is composed of parts of the Ilium, Ischium, and pubis and the acetabular bone (carnivores) in young animals.

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• The circumference of the articular surface is broken at the caudomedial part by the acetabular notch.

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The pelvic canal

• short ventrally but long dorsally Its lateral wall is composed of the Ilium, Ischium, and pubis.

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• The pelvic inlet is limited laterally and ventrally by the Arcuate line.
• Its dorsal boundary is the promontory of the sacrum.
• The pelvic outlet is bounded ventrally by the Ischiatic arch
• Mid-dorsally by the first caudal vertebra, and laterally by the superficial gluteal muscle and the sacrotuberous ligament.

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• The femur:
• is a typical long bone with a cylindrical body and two expanded extremities.

Femur

The femur or thigh bone,

is the largest bone in the body.

The proximal extremity presents on its medial side a smooth, nearly hemispherical head

The neck is distinct but short and provides attachment for the joint capsule.

The greater trochanter, the largest eminence

of the proximal extremity, is located directly

lateral to the head.

The trochanteric fossa is a deep cavity medial to the greater trochanter

The lesser trochanter, a pyramidal projection at the proximal end of the medial side of the body of the femur

The intertrochanteric crest, represents the caudolateral boundary of the trochanteric fossa

The third trochanter is poorly developed. It appears at the base of the greater trochanter as a small, rough area on which the superficial gluteal inserts

The body of the femur is slightly convex cranially.

The caudal surface is rough and is limited by medial and lateral lips

The trochlea, with ridges, is the smooth groove on the craniodistal part ofthe bone for articulation with the patella.

The medial and lateral condyles are separated from each other by the intercondylar fossa, a deep, wide space.

Proximal to these sesamoid facets are the medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities from which the gastrocnemii arise.

The popliteal surface is a large, flat, triangular area on the caudal surface of the distal extremity proximal to the condyles and intercondylar fossa

The medial and lateral epicondyles are rough areas on each side, proximal to the condyles.

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• Tibia

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• Fibula

Tibia

The tibia, the shin or leg bone, has a proximal articular surface that flares out transversely and is also broad craniocaudally.

The medial condyle is separated from the lateral condyle by the intercondylar eminence.

The intercondylar eminence consists of two small, elongated tubercles, which form its highestpart, and a shallow intercondylar area

The cranial intercondylar area is a depression cranial to the eminence and in large part between the condyles

The caudal intercondylar area occupies a place similar to that of the cranial area but caudal to the eminence

The popliteal notch is caudal to the caudal intercondylar area and is located between the two condyles

The tibial tuberosity is the large quadrangular process on the proximocranial surface of the tibia

The tibial tuberosity is continued distally by the cranial border of the tibia.

The extensor groove is a small, smooth groove located at the junction of the lateral condyle and the tibial tuberosity.

The body is triangular proximally, nearly cylindrical

in the middle, and four sided distally.

The tibial cochlea, the articular surface, consists of two grooves that receive the ridges of the proximal trochlea of the talus.

The medial part of the distal extremity of

the tibia is the medial malleolus.

Fibula

The fibula has proximal and distal extremities and an intermediate body.

The proximal extremity, or head, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia

The distal extremity, the lateral malleolus, has two grooves that contain the tendons of the fibularis longus, fibularisbrevis, and the lateral digital extensor.

Tarsal Bones�

• The tarsus between the metatarsals and the leg, is composed of seven tarsal bones
• The bones are arranged in three irregular rows.
• The proximal row: is composed of a long, laterally located calcaneus and a shorter, medially located talus.
• Middle row: Central tarsal bone
• Distal Raw: 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th tarsal

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Metatarsal Bones�

• The metatarsal bones resemble the metacarpal bones except for the first, which may be divided, rudimentary, or absent.

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Phalanges�

Those of the hind paw (Pes), are similar to those of the forepaw (Manus).

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The first digit, or hallux, is frequently absent.

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When present, it is called a dewclaw and may vary from

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• a fully developed digit articulating with a normal first metatarsal bone

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• a vestigial structure composed only of a terminal phalanx.

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The Phalanges-Ruminant