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Totalitarianism

V.I. Lenin

Benito Mussolini

Adolf Hitler

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Problems in Russia

  • A majority of the population in Russia were peasants
  • Czar Nicholas II was reluctant to change
    • Russian Parliament = Duma
    • The Duma had no real power
    • Russia was a totalitarian state
    • All totalitarian governments have secret police
    • Russia’s was corrupt

Czar Nicholas II

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WWI and Russia

  • Russian army poorly equipped
    • This led to huge casualty rates
  • Czar goes to the front
    • Czar leaves Alexandra (Czarina) and Rasputin to run the Govt.
    • The Russian citizens viewed this govt. as corrupt

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March Revolution – �1st Revolution - 1917

  • Sometimes known as the February revolution
  • St. Petersburg – bread riots
  • Disasters at war, workers strike
  • Czar abdicated
  • Duma set up a provisional govt.
    • Alexander Kerensky was its leader
    • He continued at war
  • Soviets (councils of workers) – controlled by Bolsheviks

Czar Nicholas II hiding out after abdicating

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Lenin

  • Leader of the Bolsheviks
  • Hated Czarist Govt.
    • His brother threatened to kill the Czar so he was executed by the Czarist Govt.
  • Read Karl Marx
  • Led demonstrations
  • Lenin Speech
  • Arrested and sent to Siberia
  • Eventually exiled to Switzerland
  • Germany helps sneak Lenin back to Russia knowing that he will pull them out of the war

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Lenin

  • Manipulated his Marxist ideas to adapt to Russia
    • Elite group needed to lead the revolution = Bolsheviks
  • Returned to Russia
    • March 1917 – Germany brought Lenin back

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Lenin and the November Revolution – 2nd Revolution

  • Sometimes known as the October Revolution
  • Bolsheviks took control
  • November 1917 – Red Guards (armed factory workers) joined sailors in attacking provisional Govt.
    • Lenin’s forces took over within days
    • Provisional Govt. fell without a struggle

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Bolsheviks in Charge

  • November Revolution is a bloodless revolution
  • Kerensky steps down
  • Bolsheviks move the capital from St. Petersburg to Moscow
  • The Kremlin became their Head Quarters
  • Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists

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Under Siege

  • Lenin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – March 1918
    • Peace treaty with Germany
    • Russia gave up a large portion of its territory and population to Germany
  • Civil War in Russia – 1918 – 1921
    • Reds (Communists)
    • Whites (Czarists)

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Allied Invasion

  • Allies wanted the whites (czarists) to win
  • Japan seized land in East Asia which the Czarist Russia owned
  • Britain, France, U.S., sent forces to help the Whites (Czarists)
    • Allied forces failed
  • Lenin continues his communist regime

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A Costly Triumph

  • The whites (Czarists) captured Communists
  • They tried to assassinate Lenin
  • This caused the Communists to organize their own secret police known as the “Cheka”
  • Czarists were executed
    • Czar Nicholas II was killed along with his wife and five children

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A Costly Triumph

  • War Communism
    • Communists took over banks, mines, factories and railroads
    • Leon Trotsky – Leader of the Red Army
      • Every 10th man order
  • Civil War ended in 1921
    • Communists (Reds) won, but Russia still in chaos

Leon Trotsky

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A Costly Triumph

  • A bullet from the assassination attempt was still lodged in his neck
  • Bullet too close to the spine to operate
  • This causes his first stroke in 1922 – partially paralyzed
  • Lenin has 2nd stroke later that year and resigns from politics
  • Third stroke leaves him speechless
  • Dies from Fourth stroke
  • Communist party appoints Joseph Stalin

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“A single death is a tragedy, one million deaths is a statistic.”�-Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin

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1918

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Fascism in Italy

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What is Fascism?

  • Fascism is based on the Latin word Fasces – sticks in a bundle wrapped around an axe. Together we are strong, separate we are week.
  • Extreme nationalism and blind loyalty to the state
  • Anti-Democratic – Nation comes before individual
  • Aggressive foreign expansion – Social Darwinism

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What is Fascism?

  • Totalitarian ruler is always right
  • Compared to Communism
    • Communists – hopes for international change, world revolution of workers, won support among urban and agricultural workers (Poor people support)
    • Fascists – pursued nationalistic goals, won support among business leaders, wealthy landowners, lower middle class (Rich people support)
    • Similarities – Flourished during economic hard times by promoting extreme programs of social change

Fasces

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What is Fascism?

  • Features of Totalitarian States
    • Single Party dictatorship
    • State control of the economy
    • Use of police spies and terror to enforce the will of the state
    • Strict censorship and Govt. monopoly of the media
    • Use of schools and media to indoctrinate and mobilize citizens
    • Unquestioning obedience to a single leader

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The Appeal of the Fascist State

  • Strong Govt.
    • Ended feuding
    • Intense national pride
    • Mussolini gave a sense of power and confidence to Italy
    • Outside nations praised Mussolini
      • Einstein, Freud and Gandhi praised as well
        • They later changed their minds

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The Rise of Mussolini

  • Italy after the war
    • Upset with peace treaty
    • Economic and political turmoil
  • Fiery Speaker
    • Mussolini 1
    • When speaking he commands attention
    • Mussolini 2
    • 1919 – organized veterans and other upset Italians into the Fascist party
    • Promised to end corruption and bring order to Italy
    • Promised to take Italy back to the days of Ancient Rome

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The Rise of Mussolini

  • Seizing Power
    • Mussolini organized “combat squads” called the Black Shirts.
      • Through terror and intimidation, got rid of elected officials in N. Italy
    • 1922 – March on Rome
      • Fascists planned to march on Rome, demanding Govt. to make change
      • King Victor Emmanuel III wanted to avoid a civil war, offered Mussolini the position of Prime Minister

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Mussolini’s Italy

  • Il Duce – “The Leader”
    • In theory Italy remained a parliamentary monarchy
    • In reality Italy was a dictatorship upheld by fascist violence and terror
    • Mussolini feels that democracy is weak
  • Economic Policy
    • Fascism allows capitalism
    • Economy comes under state control – corporate state
    • Economy will improve at the expense of workers
    • “The Trains always run on time”

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Mussolini’s Italy

  • Social Policies
    • Glory of the state, not the individual
    • Slogan – “Believe! Obey! Fight!”
    • Men encouraged to be ruthless warriors
    • Women called to win the battle of motherhood…14 children medal
      • Women were not valued as workers
      • Gold wedding bands traded in for iron ones that represented their contribution to a stronger nation

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Mussolini’s Italy

  • Fascist Youth
    • Strict discipline – instill strong sense of patriotism
    • Youth group toughened children
    • Taught them to obey strict military discipline
    • Taught that Mussolini was always right
    • What is our American equivalent?

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Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

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Struggles of the Weimar Republic

  • Weimar Republic signed the treaty of Versailles
  • Weimar Republic rules in between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Hitler
  • This government was too liberal and weak
  • Most Germans were angry with the Treaty of Versailles

Flag of Weimar Rep.

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Struggles of the Weimar Republic

  • German money (Mark) went through serious inflation
  • Government begins to print a lot of money
    • Something that cost 100 marcs in 1919 cost 900,000 marks in 1924
  • The German economy begins to recover until the great depression hits

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Adolf Hitler

  • Joins the Nazi party
  • Forms his group known as the Brown Shirts or Storm Troopers

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Adolf Hitler

  • Hitler writes Mein Kampf
    • Means “My Struggle”
    • His book spoke about how Aryan’s were the master race – It was very anti Semitic, racist and expressed extreme nationalism
  • Hitler said that Germany needed to expand to create living space for his people “Lebensraum”
  • Hitler gives himself the title of “Da Fuhrer”

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Adolf Hitler

  • In 1933 Paul Von Hindenburg gives Hitler the title of Chancellor
    • Hindenburg thought this would help control the Nazi Party
    • Once in power Hitler eliminates civil rights, communists and socialists
    • Germany becomes a one party state

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Hitler’s Third Reich

  • Hitler’s secret police enforced his policies
  • Hitler combated the great depression by implementing large public works programs
    • Highways, housing developments, autobahn, military build up
    • Unemployment goes down
  • Hitler encouraged his people to kill their enemies without mercy
  • Hitler used a great amount of propaganda to spread his cause

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Triumph of the will

  • ..\History Videos

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Purging German Culture

  • Nazi party burns many books that speak poorly of WWI
  • Hitler closes many churches
    • Hitler viewed churches as weak
  • Campaign against the Jews
    • 1935 – Law passed in Germany stating:
      • Jews could not practice law
      • could not be in the Govt.
      • could not marry a non Jew
      • Could not attend school or teach
      • Could not publish books

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Purging German Culture

  • Night of Broken Glass
    • “Kristallnacht” – A young Jew killed a German diplomat in Paris – Nazi’s use this as an excuse to burn down Jewish synagogues and shops and killed thousands of Jews in the process
    • Many surrounding nations viewed this as a terrible event – this caused the Nazi’s to be more discreet in their persecution of the Jews

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Hitler’s Final Solution

  • Hitler moves the Jews into Ghettos, then from Ghettos to concentration camps
    • The ultimate goal was to eliminate all Jews

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